Exploring for Municipality-Level Socioeconomic Variables Related to Zika Virus Incidence in Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Geographical Distribution of the Occurrence of Zika Virus Infection across Colombia
3.2. Results of the Negative Binomial Regression Models
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ZikaDens | The number of reported cases of Zika virus infection divided by the weighted projected population density from the same time period. This is the number of cases per people per square kilometer (cases/people/km2) |
ZikaSize | The number of reported cases of Zika virus infection multiplied by 10,000 and divided by the weighted projected population size. This would be the number of cases per 10,000 people of the population (cases/10,000) |
ENSO | El Niño-Southern Oscillation |
DANE | National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística |
IGAC | Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi (Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi) |
INS | National Institute of Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud) |
Appendix A
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Code | Definition |
---|---|
A | |
ZikaDens (response variable 1) | |
B | |
ZikaSize (response variable 2) |
Code | Definition |
---|---|
School | |
Low energy strata 1 | |
Subsidized social sec | |
Savings | |
Tax | |
Resources | |
Investment | |
Debt |
B | ||
---|---|---|
Among N = 934 Municipalities Used in Regression Analyses | ||
Response variable | Median | SD |
ZikaDens | 0.14 | 5.01 |
ZikaSize | 5.62 | 41.11 |
Predictor variable | Median | SD |
School | 2.63 | 1.88 |
Low energy strata | 99.95 | 4.24 |
Subsidized social sec | 93.33 | 17.92 |
Savings | 46.85 | 15.67 |
Tax | 69,189,094 | 2,224,129,800 |
Resources | 54.62 | 20.80 |
Investment | 90.10 | 5.27 |
Debt | 2.29 | 3.55 |
Estimate | Std. Error | z Value | Pr (>│z│ | 2.5% | 97% | Signif. Codes. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −1.12 × 10 | 1.973 | −5.686 | 1.30 × 10−8 | −1.51 × 10 | −7.25 | *** |
School | 2.24 × 10−1 | 3.08 × 10−2 | 7.285 | 3.22 × 10−13 | 1.57 × 10−1 | 2.93 × 10−1 | *** |
Low energy | 4.72 × 10−2 | 1.77 × 10−2 | 2.659 | 0.007 | 1.06 × 10−2 | 8.34 × 10−2 | ** |
Sub social sec | −5.41 × 10−4 | 4.91 × 10−3 | −0.110 | 0.912 | −1.18 × 10−2 | 1.06 × 10−2 | |
Tax | 7.69 × 10−11 | 2.78 × 10−11 | 2.769 | 0.005 | 1.31 × 10−12 | 1.67 × 10−10 | ** |
Debt | −9.12 × 10−3 | 1.66 × 10−2 | −0.548 | 0.583 | −4.26 × 10−2 | 2.58 × 10−2 | |
Investment | 4.78 × 10−2 | 1.61 × 10−2 | 2.958 | 0.003 | 1.41 × 10−2 | 8.16 × 10−2 | ** |
Savings | −1.53 × 10−2 | 4.43 × 10−3 | −3.455 | 0.000 | −2.52 × 10−2 | −5.54 × 10−3 | *** |
Resources | 4.12 × 10−2 | 4.07 × 10−3 | 10.127 | <2 × 10−16 | 3.28 × 10−2 | 4.98 × 10−2 | *** |
Signif. Codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 | |||||||
Deviance Residuals: Min: −1.7927, 1Q: −1.0168, Median: −0.8259, 3Q: −0.4452, Max: 4.6564 | |||||||
Dispersion parameter for negative binomial (0.4952) family taken to be 1 | |||||||
Null deviance: 1266.8 on 933 degrees of freedom | |||||||
Residual deviance: 963.2 on 925 degrees of freedom | |||||||
Number of Fisher scoring iterations: 1 | |||||||
AIC (smaller is better): 2593.237 |
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Kellemen, M.; Ye, J.; Moreno-Madriñan, M.J. Exploring for Municipality-Level Socioeconomic Variables Related to Zika Virus Incidence in Colombia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041831
Kellemen M, Ye J, Moreno-Madriñan MJ. Exploring for Municipality-Level Socioeconomic Variables Related to Zika Virus Incidence in Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041831
Chicago/Turabian StyleKellemen, Marie, Jun Ye, and Max J. Moreno-Madriñan. 2021. "Exploring for Municipality-Level Socioeconomic Variables Related to Zika Virus Incidence in Colombia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041831