The Economic Burden and Determinant Factors of Parents/Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Malaysia: A Mixed Methods Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Study Instruments
- Do you have other family members with chronic disease or disability, and how does this condition affect your expenses?
- Do you have other family members who can help you care for your special child(ren)?
- How far can your whole family income extend to afford your special child(ren)’sneeds such as rehabilitation, diet, equipment, health care, and education?
- Is there any financial issue that prevents you from sending your special child(ren)to school or from obtaining daily necessities?
- What are the most crucial items our government needs to support in order for you to obtain proper care for your special child(ren)?
2.4. Study Population and Sampling
2.5. Study Variables
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.1.1. Average Family Economic Burden Categories
3.1.2. Characteristics of the Children with CP and Their Parents/Caregivers
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.2.1. Comparison of Economic Burden According to Age Group
3.2.2. Comparison of Economic Burden According to the Children’s Sex
3.2.3. Comparison of Economic Burden According to Household Income
3.2.4. Comparison of Economic Burden According to CP Severity
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
Regression Analysis of the Determinant Factors of Economic Burden on Parents/Caregivers
3.4. Qualitative Findings
- Seeking Childcare
“The acceptance from my husband’s side is less compared to my side, but my family stay far from my place. I have a sister stay nearby but she is very busy with her autistic son. That’s why I rely more on myself.”(R1)
“I can leave my daughter to my neighbor. She used to look after her if I need to go out for a while.”(R4)
“In the beginning, there was nobody who can take care of my son.”(R5)
“It is difficult to leave my son with others. I have no confidence. His condition is very severe. I am taking care of him 24/7. My husband and I will take turns to take care of him if one of us needs to go out. If somebody else needs to take care of him, it must be a well-trained person. I have searched the cost for it and it is almost RM5000 a month, which I can’t afford as I need to pay for his necessities as well.”(R5)
- b.
- Cost of Childcare
“I received some financial aids from zakat, but it’s still not enough.”(R8)
“I sold my spa business, and I did online business and dropship.”(R1)
“My husband needs to work as Grab driver to get additional income. He works until midnight and also on weekends.”(R5)
“Private rehab is very expensive.”(R6)
“The cost of special childcare center is very high, and it keeps increasing. It’s very expensive, up to RM2000 monthly.”(R6)
- c.
- Education for Children with CP
“I sent my son to a special school and special daycare at the same time. But they only put my son in a baby cot which made my son traumatic and felt terrible. Maybe they have limited staff.”(R6)
“I spent a lot for special needs school. Last time it was RM700 and then the fee increased to RM950.”(R6)
- d.
- Government Support
“I have to reuse some equipment like syringe and bottles to save my expenses.”(R5)
“I don’t have proper wheelchair for my 4 years old special son. I don’t receive any help.”(R8)
“The government needs to review the eligibility of the family who receive financial aids. The current practice is now irrelevant.”(R1)
“Staff at Welfare Division do not know the cost that we have to pay for therapy…”(R1)
“The government needs to support us to adapt our life. It is very hard.”(R7)
- e.
- Socioeconomic Influence on Total Economic Burden
“There are three types of family. Firstly, new family who has just started their family life. Secondly, old family who depends on two incomes from both husband and wife. Suddenly, they have a special needs child. Thirdly, a family who has only one side works either husband or wife. The impact of economic burden is more severe for the second type of family because they used to have two incomes and used to have certain level of lifestyles and commitments. This actually happened to me.”(R7)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Economic Burden Category/Financial Cost Components | Min. | Max. | Mean | SD | Median | IQR | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | ||
Direct Healthcare Cost | Rehabilitation Services | 0.00 | 0.00 | 18,000.00 | 4287.60 | 2563.26 | 610.57 | 3495.66 | 832.67 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 857.52 | 204.26 |
Alternative Treatments | 0.00 | 0.00 | 18,000.00 | 4287.60 | 1519.52 | 361.95 | 2471.18 | 588.64 | 840.00 | 200.09 | 571.68 | 136.17 | |
Medicine Costs | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 871.67 | 207.63 | 1262.59 | 300.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 285.84 | 68.09 | |
Purchase of Medical Aids | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31,300.00 | 7455.66 | 3925.80 | 935.13 | 4789.71 | 1140.91 | 2500.00 | 595.50 | 976.62 | 232.63 | |
Diagnostic Tests | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15,000.00 | 3573.00 | 379.41 | 90.38 | 1888.84 | 449.92 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Ward Entrance Fees/Surgery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75,000.00 | 17,865.00 | 2050.81 | 488.50 | 10,573.97 | 2518.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 35.73 | 8.51 | |
Consultation Fees | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4200.00 | 1000.44 | 97.59 | 23.25 | 584.84 | 139.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Total | 0.00 | 0.00 | 167,500.00 | 39,898.50 | 11,408.05 | 2717.40 | 25,066.79 | 5970.91 | 4540.00 | 1081.43 | 2727.39 | 649.66 | |
Direct Non-Healthcare Cost | Transportation Costs | 0.00 | 0.00 | 30,000.00 | 7146.00 | 4289.40 | 1021.74 | 4735.24 | 1127.93 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 857.52 | 204.26 |
Total | 0.00 | 0.00 | 30,000.00 | 7146.00 | 4289.40 | 1021.74 | 4735.24 | 1127.93 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 857.52 | 204.26 | |
Developmental Cost | Domestic Helper | 600.00 | 142.92 | 20,160.00 | 4802.11 | 6494.40 | 1546.97 | 4767.05 | 1135.51 | 4800.00 | 1143.36 | 1214.82 | 289.37 |
Nursery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 18,000.00 | 4287.60 | 2737.89 | 652.17 | 3969.16 | 945.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1143.36 | 272.35 | |
Special Education | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12,000.00 | 2858.40 | 1560.00 | 371.59 | 2792.58 | 665.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 571.68 | 136.17 | |
Dietary Supplements | 0.00 | 0.00 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 6670.60 | 1588.94 | 4689.67 | 1117.08 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 1143.36 | 272.35 | |
Daily Necessities | 600.00 | 142.92 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 4240.47 | 1010.08 | 4010.13 | 955.21 | 2700.00 | 643.14 | 1014.73 | 241.71 | |
Insurance | 50.00 | 11.91 | 8500.00 | 2024.70 | 1942.41 | 462.68 | 2122.19 | 505.51 | 1500.00 | 357.30 | 524.04 | 124.83 | |
Others | 0.00 | 0.00 | 18,000.00 | 4287.60 | 2114.75 | 503.73 | 3272.81 | 779.58 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 643.14 | 153.20 | |
Total | 1250.00 | 297.75 | 124,660.00 | 29,694.01 | 25,760.52 | 6136.16 | 25,623.58 | 6103.54 | 16,200.00 | 3858.84 | 6255.13 | 1489.97 | |
Indirect Cost | Parents and Child Productivity Loss | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 102,000.00 | 24,296.40 | 32,477.14 | 7736.05 | 22,888.34 | 5452.00 | 28,800.00 | 6860.16 | 7003.08 | 1668.13 |
Total | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 102,000.00 | 24,296.40 | 32,477.14 | 7736.05 | 22,888.34 | 5452.00 | 28,800.00 | 6860.16 | 7003.08 | 1668.13 | |
Overall Total Economic Burden/Year | 424,160.00 | 101,034.91 | 73,935.11 | 17,611.35 | 52,540.00 | 12,515.03 |
Characteristic | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Child’s age (year) | 7 (7) | 9 (5.65) |
Parents’ age (year) | 37 (12) | 39.47 (7.99) |
Household income/month (RM) | 2858.00 (2500) | 3286.11 (2650.31) |
Household income/month (USD) | 680.78 (595.50) | 782.75 (631.30) |
Characteristic | N | Percentage (%) |
Child’s Age Distribution (Years) | ||
0–3 | 11 | 10.4 |
4–6 | 35 | 33.0 |
7–12 | 35 | 33.0 |
≥13 | 25 | 23.6 |
Child’s Sex | ||
Male | 71 | 67.0 |
Female | 35 | 33.0 |
Child’s Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 93 | 87.7 |
Indian | 1 | 0.9 |
Chinese | 1 | 0.9 |
Other | 11 | 10.4 |
State of Residence | ||
Perlis | 2 | 1.9 |
Kedah | 8 | 7.6 |
Pulau Pinang | 3 | 2.9 |
Perak | 5 | 4.8 |
Selangor | 32 | 30.5 |
W.P. Putrajaya | 1 | 1.0 |
Negeri Sembilan | 5 | 4.8 |
Melaka | 4 | 3.8 |
Johor | 10 | 9.5 |
W.P. Kuala Lumpur | 4 | 3.8 |
Pahang | 3 | 2.9 |
Terengganu | 1 | 1.0 |
Kelantan | 1 | 1.0 |
Sabah | 23 | 21.9 |
Sarawak | 2 | 1.9 |
W.P. Labuan | 1 | 1.0 |
Child’s GMFCS Level | ||
3 | 12 | 11.3 |
4 | 19 | 17.9 |
5 | 75 | 70.8 |
Child’s CP Classification | ||
Quadriplegia | 67 | 63.2 |
Diplegia | 13 | 12.3 |
Hemiplegia | 3 | 2.8 |
Unsure/Other | 23 | 21.7 |
Comorbid Grouping of Children with CP | ||
Without comorbid illness | 33 | 32.7 |
With comorbid illness | 68 | 67.3 |
Parents’/Caregivers’ Age Distribution (Years) | ||
18–35 | 41 | 40.2 |
36–55 | 59 | 57.8 |
>55 | 2 | 2.0 |
Parents’/Caregivers’ Sex | ||
Male | 25 | 23.6 |
Female | 81 | 76.4 |
Family Annual Household Income | ||
Below average of Malaysian household income | 92 | 92.0 |
Above average of Malaysian household income | 8 | 8.0 |
Parents/Caregivers’ Dependents (n) | ||
<5 | 80 | 75.5 |
≥5 | 26 | 24.5 |
Main Healthcare Provider of Choice | ||
Government hospitals/clinics | 84 | 79.2 |
Non-government healthcare providers | 22 | 20.8 |
Monetary Assistance | ||
Not receiving any monetary assistance | 44 | 41.5 |
Received any monetary assistance | 62 | 58.5 |
Economic Burden Category | Age Group of Children with CP (Years) | Age Group of Parents/Caregivers (Years) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–3 | 4–6 | 7–12 | ≥13 | Kruskal– Wallis a | 18–35 | 36–55 | >55 | Kruskal– Wallis a | ||||||||
RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | |||
Direct Healthcare Cost | ||||||||||||||||
Rehabilitation Services | 2880.00 | 686.02 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1680.00 | 400.18 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 0.260 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 2160.00 | 514.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.289 |
Alternative Treatments | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 1020.00 | 242.96 | 0.686 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.286 |
Medicine Costs | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.039 * | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.406 |
Purchase of Medical Aids | 465.00 | 110.76 | 2365.00 | 563.34 | 3400.00 | 809.88 | 3700.00 | 881.34 | 0.085 | 1865.00 | 444.24 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 0.140 |
Diagnostic Tests | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.568 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.117 |
Ward Entrance Fees/Surgery | 750.00 | 178.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.037 * | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.246 |
Consultation Fees | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.828 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.352 |
Total | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 5260.00 | 1252.93 | 4600.00 | 1095.72 | 5400.00 | 1286.28 | 0.810 | 4800.00 | 1143.36 | 5420.00 | 1291.04 | 1800.00 | 428.76 | 0.167 |
Direct Non-Healthcare Cost | ||||||||||||||||
Transportation Costs | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2700.00 | 643.14 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 0.867 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 1800.00 | 428.76 | 0.071 |
Total | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2700.00 | 643.14 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 0.867 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 1800.00 | 428.76 | 0.071 |
Developmental Cost | ||||||||||||||||
Domestic Helper | 4200.00 | 1000.44 | 5100.00 | 1214.82 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 0.655 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | - | - | 0.020 * |
Nursery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.400 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.326 |
Special Education | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 0.555 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.485 |
Dietary Supplements | 5700.00 | 1357.74 | 5400.00 | 1286.28 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 0.987 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 0.520 |
Daily Necessities | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 3300.00 | 786.06 | 4500.00 | 1071.90 | 0.300 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 2700.00 | 643.14 | 3300.00 | 786.06 | 0.881 |
Insurance | 120.00 | 28.58 | 1250.00 | 297.75 | 1790.00 | 426.38 | 1300.00 | 309.66 | 0.549 | 1250.00 | 297.75 | 1740.00 | 414.47 | - | - | 0.503 |
Others | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.582 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.308 |
Total | 8520.00 | 2029.46 | 12,000.00 | 2858.40 | 14,400.00 | 3430.08 | 15,600.00 | 3715.92 | 0.235 | 13,200.00 | 3144.24 | 15,600.00 | 3715.92 | 9300.00 | 2215.26 | 0.334 |
Indirect Cost | ||||||||||||||||
Parents and Child Productivity Loss | 15,000.00 | 3573.00 | 32,400.00 | 7717.68 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 54,000.00 | 12862.80 | 0.032 * | 14,400.00 | 3430.08 | 35,400.00 | 8432.28 | 27,600.00 | 6574.32 | 0.090 |
Total | 15,000.00 | 3573.00 | 32,400.00 | 7717.68 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 54,000.00 | 12862.80 | 0.032 * | 27,900.00 | 6645.78 | 34,100.00 | 8122.62 | 26,700.00 | 6359.94 | 0.090 |
Overall Total | 30,720.00 | 7317.50 | 52,360.00 | 12,472.15 | 45,400.00 | 10,814.28 | 78,000.00 | 18579.60 | 0.299 | 49,500.00 | 11,790.90 | 57,520.00 | 13,701.26 | 39,600.00 | 9432.72 | 0.189 |
Economic Burden | Sex | Household Income | Severity (Based on GMFCS Level) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Mann-Whitney U b | Below Average | Above Average | Mann-Whitney U b | GMFCS Level 3 | GMFCS Level 4 | GMFCS Level 5 | Kruskal-Wallis a | ||||||||
RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | RM | USD | ||||
Direct Healthcare Cost | |||||||||||||||||
Rehabilitation Services | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 2100.00 | 500.22 | 0.954 | 1920.00 | 457.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.234 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.369 |
Alternative Treatments | 600.00 | 142.92 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.789 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.730 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 0.562 |
Medicine Costs | 0.00 | 0.00 | 300.00 | 71.46 | 0.912 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.983 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 1275.00 | 303.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.861 |
Purchase of Medical Aids | 3125.00 | 744.38 | 1560.00 | 371.59 | 0.257 | 2365.00 | 563.34 | 6800.00 | 1619.76 | 0.031 * | 3500.00 | 833.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2750.00 | 655.05 | 0.396 |
Diagnostic Tests | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.169 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.785 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.838 |
Ward Entrance Fees/Surgery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.795 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.481 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.402 |
Consultation Fees | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.770 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.497 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.406 |
Total | 4925.00 | 1173.14 | 5160.00 | 1229.11 | 0.941 | 5485.00 | 1306.53 | 6800.00 | 1619.76 | 0.817 | 7700.00 | 1834.14 | 1875.00 | 446.63 | 4550.00 | 1083.81 | 0.132 |
Direct Non-Healthcare Cost | |||||||||||||||||
Transportation Cost | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.788 | 3300.00 | 786.06 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.219 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.133 |
Total | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.788 | 3300.00 | 786.06 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.219 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.133 |
Developmental Cost | |||||||||||||||||
Domestic Helper | 5100.00 | 1214.82 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 0.272 | 4500.00 | 1071.90 | 7800.00 | 1857.96 | 0.392 | 4800.00 | 1143.36 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 0.331 |
Nursery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.910 | 540.00 | 128.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.098 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 600.00 | 142.92 | 0.186 |
Special Education | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.780 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.792 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.665 |
Dietary Supplements | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 4800.00 | 1143.36 | 0.980 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 5700.00 | 1357.74 | 0.927 | 4800.00 | 1143.36 | 4800.00 | 1143.36 | 6000.00 | 1429.20 | 0.241 |
Daily Necessities | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.298 | 3000.00 | 714.60 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 0.757 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 2400.00 | 571.68 | 3600.00 | 857.52 | 0.302 |
Insurance | 1000.00 | 238.20 | 1740.00 | 414.47 | 0.815 | 1000.00 | 238.20 | 2140.00 | 509.75 | 0.321 | 1340.00 | 319.19 | 1500.00 | 357.30 | 1400.00 | 333.48 | 0.863 |
Others | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.612 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.457 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 1200.00 | 285.84 | 0.197 |
Total | 16,900.00 | 4025.58 | 13,740.00 | 3272.87 | 0.143 | 16,240.00 | 3868.37 | 18,040.00 | 4297.13 | 0.160 | 17,540.00 | 4178.03 | 13,500.00 | 3215.70 | 18,800.00 | 4478.16 | 0.513 |
Indirect Cost | |||||||||||||||||
Parents and Child Productivity Loss | 28,800.00 | 6860.16 | 27,000.00 | 6431.40 | 0.922 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 93,000.00 | 22,152.60 | 0.018 * | 31,800.00 | 7574.76 | 30,000.00 | 7146.00 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 0.918 |
Total | 28,800.00 | 6860.16 | 27,000.00 | 6431.40 | 0.922 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 93,000.00 | 22,152.60 | 0.018 * | 31,800.00 | 7574.76 | 30,000.00 | 7146.00 | 24,000.00 | 5716.80 | 0.918 |
Overall Total | 51,600.00 | 12,291.12 | 45,500.00 | 10,838.10 | 0.699 | 46,350.00 | 11,040.57 | 120,164.00 | 28,623.06 | 0.264 | 57,050.00 | 13,589.31 | 50,860.00 | 12,114.85 | 45,400.00 | 10,814.28 | 0.424 |
Variable | SLR a | MLR b | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B c | (95% CI) e | p-Value | Adjusted b d | (95% CI) e | t-Statistic | p-Value | |||
(Constant) f | 3.45 | 0.001 | |||||||
Annual Household Income (RM) | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 0.010 * | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 2.39 | 0.019 * |
Parents’ Age Group g | 11,845.87 | −172.35 | 23,864.09 | 0.053 | 0.14 | −3418.51 | 20,956.06 | 1.43 | 0.157 |
Child’s Sex h | 5515.95 | −7366.12 | 18,398.01 | 0.398 | 0.13 | −4026.09 | 21,175.55 | 1.35 | 0.180 |
Severity—GMFCS Level i | −8200.53 | −27,320.59 | 10,919.53 | 0.397 | −0.11 | −29,359.79 | 7936.47 | −1.14 | 0.257 |
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Ismail, A.; Sk Abd Razak, R.; Suddin, L.S.; Mahmud, A.; Kamaralzaman, S.; Yusri, G. The Economic Burden and Determinant Factors of Parents/Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Malaysia: A Mixed Methods Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010475
Ismail A, Sk Abd Razak R, Suddin LS, Mahmud A, Kamaralzaman S, Yusri G. The Economic Burden and Determinant Factors of Parents/Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Malaysia: A Mixed Methods Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010475
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail, Aniza, Ruhana Sk Abd Razak, Leny Suzana Suddin, Aidalina Mahmud, Sazlina Kamaralzaman, and Ghazali Yusri. 2022. "The Economic Burden and Determinant Factors of Parents/Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Malaysia: A Mixed Methods Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010475