Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Driving a Vehicle with Timed-Out Inspection Certificate in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Study Variables
- Driver-related variables: driver’s age group, sex, nationality, alcohol use, drug use, driving license status, seatbelt use.
- Vehicle-related variables: TOVIC, presence of vehicle defects, type of vehicle, years after registration, number of passengers.
- Environment-related variables: year, time of day, zone, type of road, light conditions, weather conditions and road surface.
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | N | % | Prevalence of TOVIC p (%) 95% CI | aOR *** | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age * (years) | 18–24 | 4935 | 9.62 | 5.30 | 4.66, 5.92 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 1.08 |
25–34 | 12,350 | 24.07 | 5.43 | 5.03, 5.83 | 1.09 | 0.97 | 1.24 | |
35–44 | 14,580 | 28.42 | 4.90 | 4.55, 5.25 | 1 | Reference | ||
45–54 | 10,041 | 19.57 | 4.75 | 4.33, 5.17 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 1.04 | |
55–64 | 5652 | 11.02 | 4.40 | 3.85, 4.92 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.95 | |
65–74 | 2686 | 5.24 | 4.09 | 3.35, 4.84 | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.90 | |
>74 | 873 | 1.7 | 5.49 | 3.40, 7.01 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 1.21 | |
Unknown | 188 | 0.37 | 4.26 | 1.85, 8.21 | ||||
Sex ** | Male | 32,310 | 62.98 | 5.26 | 5.02, 5.50 | 1 | Reference | |
Female | 18,968 | 36.97 | 4.40 | 4.11, 4.69 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.96 | |
Unknown | 27 | 0.05 | 7.41 | 0.91, 24.29 | ||||
Nationality | Spanish | 50,395 | 98.23 | 4.95 | 4.76, 5.13 | 1 | Reference | |
Foreign | 888 | 1.73 | 4.95 | 3.53, 6.38 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 1.39 | |
Unknown | 22 | 0.04 | 0 | |||||
Driving license ** | Yes | 50,241 | 97.93 | 4.81 | 4.62, 4.99 | 1 | Reference | |
No, or not valid | 1064 | 2.07 | 11.47 | 9.55, 13.38 | 2.56 | 2.04 | 3.21 | |
Alcohol use ** | No test performed | 25,055 | 48.84 | 5.30 | 5.02, 5.57 | 1 | Reference | |
Negative test | 25,719 | 50.13 | 4.57 | 4.32, 4.83 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.09 | |
Positive test | 326 | 0.64 | 7.06 | 4.27, 9.83 | 1.40 | 0.89 | 2.21 | |
Unknown | 205 | 0.4 | 5.37 | 2.71, 9.40 | ||||
Drug use | No/Not tested/Not recorded | 51,278 | 99.95 | 4.94 | 4.76, 5.13 | 1 | Reference | |
Yes | 27 | 0.05 | 7.14 | 0.90, 23.50 | 0.93 | 0.20 | 4.32 | |
Safety belt use ** | Yes | 43,499 | 84.79 | 4.68 | 4.48, 4.87 | 1 | Reference | |
No | 377 | 0.73 | 4.51 | 2.41, 6.61 | 0.75 | 0.45 | 1.25 | |
Unknown | 7429 | 14.48 | 6.52 | 5.96, 7.10 |
Variable | Category | N | % | Prevalence of TOVIC p (%) 95% CI | aOR *** | 95% IC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Vehicle ** | Car | 45,474 | 88.63 | 4.65 | 4.46, 4.84 | 1 | Reference | |
Van | 4560 | 8.89 | 7.79 | 7.01, 8.56 | 1.80 | 1.58 | 2.06 | |
All-terrain | 1271 | 2.48 | 5.27 | 4.04, 6.50 | 1.09 | 0.82 | 1.45 | |
Vehicle defects ** | None | 51,088 | 99.58 | 4.86 | 4.68, 5.05 | 1 | Reference | |
Any | 212 | 0.41 | 24.06 | 18.29, 29.82 | 5.58 | 3.94 | 7.90 | |
Unknown | 5 | 0.01 | 20.00 | 0.01, 71.6 | ||||
Passengers | Driver only | 29,624 | 57.74 | 5.02 | 4.77, 5.26 | 1 | Reference | |
Any other | 21,681 | 42.26 | 4.85 | 4.56, 5.13 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.05 | |
Vehicle age | One-year increase | Mean: 10.10 | SD: 5.75 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.08 | ||
Unknown | 20 | 0.09 | 0 | |||||
Year | 2014 | 10,370 | 20.21 | 4.98 | 4.56, 5.39 | 1 | Reference | |
2015 | 12,820 | 24.99 | 4.72 | 4.35, 5.09 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 1.07 | |
2016 | 13,699 | 26.7 | 4.95 | 4.59, 5.31 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.04 | |
2017 | 14,416 | 28.1 | 5.12 | 4.76, 5.48 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 1.07 | |
Zone ** | Urban | 21,327 | 41.57 | 5.48 | 5.18, 5.79 | 1 | Reference | |
Open road | 29,978 | 58.43 | 4.56 | 4.33, 4.80 | 1.90 | 1.33 | 2.72 | |
Type of Road ** | Highway/Motorway | 11,390 | 22.2 | 4.42 | 4.05, 4.80 | 1 | Reference | |
Conventional road | 18,160 | 35.4 | 4.46 | 4.16, 4.76 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 1.06 | |
Street | 19,588 | 38.18 | 5.63 | 5.31, 5.95 | 2.02 | 1.39 | 2.93 | |
Other roads | 2167 | 4.22 | 5.54 | 4.57, 6.50 | 1.44 | 1.11 | 1.85 | |
Time of day * (24-h clock) | 0–5 | 1573 | 3.07 | 6.17 | 4.98, 7.36 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 1.06 |
6–11 | 13,070 | 25.48 | 4.79 | 4.42, 5.16 | 1 | 0.89 | 1.13 | |
12–19 | 21,369 | 41.65 | 4.76 | 4.48, 5.05 | 1 | Reference | ||
20–24 | 15,293 | 29.81 | 5.20 | 4.85, 5.56 | 1.03 | 0.90 | 1.18 | |
Light conditions | Daylight | 38,570 | 75.18 | 4.78 | 4.57, 4.99 | 1 | Reference | |
Dawn/Dusk without artificial lighting | 1663 | 3.24 | 4.93 | 3.89, 5.97 | 0.97 | 0.75 | 1.26 | |
Dawn/Dusk with artificial lighting | 1388 | 2.71 | 5.40 | 4.21, 6.59 | 1.14 | 0.86 | 1.50 | |
Dark with artificial lighting on | 5874 | 11.45 | 5.55 | 4.96, 6.14 | 1.15 | 0.97 | 1.38 | |
Dark with artificial lighting off | 648 | 1.26 | 5.56 | 3.79, 7.32 | 1.33 | 0.92 | 1.92 | |
Dark without artificial lightning | 3162 | 6.16 | 5.53 | 4.74, 6.33 | 1.16 | 0.96 | 1.42 | |
Weather Conditions ** | Good | 42,995 | 83.8 | 5.17 | 4.96, 5.38 | 1 | Reference | |
Adverse | 8102 | 15.79 | 3.74 | 3.33, 4.15 | 0.82 | 0.68 | 1 | |
Unknown | 208 | 0.41 | 5.77 | |||||
Road surface ** | Normal | 45,022 | 87.75 | 5.14 | 4.94, 5.35 | 1 | Reference | |
Altered | 6205 | 12.09 | 3.55 | 3.09, 4.01 | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.93 | |
Unknown | 78 | 0.15 | 2.56 | 0.31, 8.96 |
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Martín-delosReyes, L.M.; Martínez-Ruiz, V.; Rivera-Izquierdo, M.; Pulido-Manzanero, J.; Jiménez-Mejías, E.; Lardelli-Claret, P. Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Driving a Vehicle with Timed-Out Inspection Certificate in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010098
Martín-delosReyes LM, Martínez-Ruiz V, Rivera-Izquierdo M, Pulido-Manzanero J, Jiménez-Mejías E, Lardelli-Claret P. Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Driving a Vehicle with Timed-Out Inspection Certificate in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010098
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-delosReyes, Luis Miguel, Virginia Martínez-Ruiz, Mario Rivera-Izquierdo, José Pulido-Manzanero, Eladio Jiménez-Mejías, and Pablo Lardelli-Claret. 2022. "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Driving a Vehicle with Timed-Out Inspection Certificate in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010098