Effects of a SMART Goal Setting and 12-Week Core Strength Training Intervention on Physical Fitness and Exercise Attitudes in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Anthropometric Measures
2.4.2. Physical Fitness Test
- Participants will start in a planking position and hold for 60 s (1 point for completion).
- Lift their right arm off the ground and hold for 15 s (3 points for completion).
- Return their right arm to the ground and lift the left arm off the ground and hold for 15 s (5 points for completion).
- Return their left arm to the ground and lift their right leg off the ground and hold for 15 s (6 points for completion).
- Return their right leg to the ground and lift their left leg off the ground and hold for 15 s (10 points for completion).
- Lift their left leg and right arm off the ground hold for 15 s (15 points for completion.
- Return their left leg and right arm to the ground. Lift their right leg and left arm off the ground hold for 15 s (25 points for completion).
- Return to the plank exercise position (elbows on the ground) and hold this position for 30 s (35 points for completion).
2.4.3. Physical Attitude Test
2.5. Statistical Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Intervention on Students’ Physical Fitness
3.2. Effects of Intervention on Students’ Exercise Attitude
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GS | CST | GS + CST | CON | Total | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 89 | n = 92 | n = 90 | n = 91 | n = 362 | ||
Grade | ||||||
7 | 43 (48.3%) | 46 (50) | 45 (50) | 44 (48.4) | 173 | 0.992 |
8 | 46 (51.7) | 46 (50) | 45 (50) | 47 (51.6) | 189 | |
Gender | ||||||
Boys | 45 (50.6) | 48 (52.2) | 45 (50) | 44 (48.4) | 182 | 0.965 |
Girls | 44 (49.4) | 44 (47.8) | 45 (50) | 47 (51.6) | 180 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
BMI, Mean (SD) | 20.37 (4.21) | 19.47 (3.19) | 19.57 (3.22) | 19.86 (3.86) | 19.82 (3.64) | 0.346 |
<18.5 | 38 (42.7) | 43 (46.7) | 39 (43.3) | 41 (45.1) | ||
18.5 ≤ BMI < 24 | 32 (36) | 39 (42.4) | 43 (47.8) | 37 (40.7) | ||
≥24 | 19 (21.3) | 10 (10.9) | 8 (8.9) | 13 (14.3) | ||
Age (yr) | ||||||
Age, Mean (SD) | 14.54 (1.07) | 14.59 (1) | 14.42 (1.04) | 14.46 (1.78) | 14.5 (1.07) | 0.727 |
13 | 19 (21.3) | 13 (14.1) | 22 (24.4) | 28 (30.8) | ||
14 | 23 (25.8) | 33 (35.9) | 23 (25.6) | 16 (17.6) | ||
15 | 27 (30.3) | 26 (28.3) | 30 (33.3) | 24 (26.4) | ||
16 | 20 (22.5) | 19 (20.7) | 15 (16.7) | 23 (25.3) | ||
17 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Theme | Core Strength Training Program Details |
---|---|
Bobby jump |
|
Agile ladder |
|
Week | PE 1 | PE 2 | PE 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 3 REP |
2 | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 3 REP |
3 | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 3 REP |
4 | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 3 REP | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 3 REP |
5 | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 5 REP |
6 | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 5 REP |
7 | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 5 REP |
8 | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 5 REP | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 5 REP |
9 | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(a × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (g × 5 REP)] × 6 REP |
10 | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] ×6 REP | [(b × 15 REP) + (f × 5 REP) + (e × 5 REP)] × 6 REP |
11 | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(c × 15 REP) + (g × 5 REP) + (h × 5 REP)] × 6 REP |
12 | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 6 REP | [(d × 15 REP) + (e × 5 REP) + (i × 5 REP)] × 6 REP |
Variables | GS | CST | GS + CST | CON | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | |
Left-hand grip strength (kg) | 20.1, 6.2 | 20.7, 6.5 | 0.09 * | 18.7, 5.5 | 22.7, 5.6 | 0.72 *** | 21.1, 6.7 | 22.3, 7.3 | 0.17 *** | 20.7, 6.3 | 20.9, 6.7 | 0.03 |
Right-hand grip strength (kg) | 21.3, 7.0 | 22.4, 6.8 | 0.15 ** | 20.4, 5.9 | 25.2, 6.18 | 0.81 *** | 23.1, 6.7 | 24.7, 7.1 | 0.24 *** | 22.5, 6.9 | 22.6, 6.8 | 0.01 |
Long jump (cm) | 168.5, 27.9 | 175.6, 28.6 | 0.25 *** | 170.5, 25.3 | 183.5, 25.8 | 0.51 *** | 172.9, 26.7 | 182.3, 26.5 | 0.35 *** | 171.0, 25.0 | 178.1, 27.0 | 0.27 *** |
50 m (s) | 8.9, 1.0 | 8.7, 0.9 | 0.22 *** | 9.0, 0.9 | 8.7, 0.9 | 0.40 *** | 9.1, 0.9 | 8.8, 0.9 | 0.32 *** | 8.8, 0.8 | 8.7, 0.8 | 0.05 |
800/1000 m (min) | 4.7, 0.9 | 4.5, 1.0 | 0.17 ** | 4.7, 0.9 | 4.3, 0.8 | 0.55 *** | 4.4, 0.7 | 4.0, 0.7 | 0.56 *** | 4.6, 1.0 | 4.4, 1.0 | 0.25 *** |
Core endurance (score) | 26.7, 30.98 | 33.7, 35 | 0.21 ** | 27.7, 31.4 | 43.6, 33.8 | 0.49 *** | 38.5, 38.7 | 61.9, 35.1 | 0.63 *** | 32.5, 38.0 | 29.3, 31.5 | 0.09 |
Variables | Group | Gender | Interaction Effects | Pairwise Comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | η2p | F | η2p | F | η2p | (Post) | |
Left-hand grip Strength (kg) | 22.956 | 0.167 *** | 25.815 | 0.070 *** | 0.949 | 0.008 | con < CST, con < CST + GS, CST > GS, CST > CST + GS |
Right-hand grip strength (kg) | 31.888 | 0.218 *** | 30.556 | 0.082 *** | 1.180 | 0.010 | con < CST, con < CST + GS, GS < CST + GS, GS < CST, CST > CST + GS |
Long jump (cm) | 4.041 | 0.035 ** | 6.100 | 0.018 * | 0.083 | 0.001 | con < CST, GS < CST |
50 m (s) | 9.500 | 0.079 *** | 25.056 | 0.070 *** | 2.240 | 0.020 | con < CST, con < CST + GS, con < GS, GS < CST |
800/1000 m (min) | 10.181 | 0.084 *** | 0.579 | 0.002 | 0.441 | 0.004 | con < CST, con < CST + GS, GS < CST, GS < CST + GS |
Core endurance (score) | 21.046 | 0.157 *** | 0.186 | 0.001 | 2.308 | 0.020 | con < CST, con < CST + GS, con < GS, CST + GS > GS, CST + GS > CST, CST > GS |
Variables | GS | CST | GS + CST | CON | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Score] | Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d |
Behavioral attitudes | 30.2, 6.0 | 29.5, 6.2 | 0.13 | 29.1, 6.7 | 29.5, 7.0 | 0.05 | 32.8, 5.9 | 33.0, 6.0 | 5.96 | 31.0, 6.3 | 31.0, 6.0 | 0.04 |
Target attitudes | 49.1, 6.6 | 47.5, 7.4 | 0.23 * | 47.9, 8.6 | 47.8, 8.5 | 0.01 | 51.0, 7.4 | 50.8, 8.0 | 7.97 | 49.6, 8.0 | 48.5, 7.0 | 0.03 |
Behavioral perceptions | 28.1, 3.9 | 28.3, 6.8 | 0.04 | 27.6, 4.9 | 27.8, 4.9 | 0.04 | 29.2, 4.5 | 28.9, 4.8 | 4.75 | 28.4, 4.6 | 28.9, 4.8 | 0.05 |
Behavioral habits | 31.6, 8.8 | 30.2, 9.0 | 0.16 * | 29.9, 9.0 | 30.4, 9.5 | 0.06 | 34.5, 9.0 | 35.1, 8.0 | 7.96 | 31.6, 8.0 | 31.8, 8.0 | 0.08 |
Behavioral intention | 23.9, 6.8 | 23.1, 7.0 | 0.12 | 23.1, 7.4 | 23.9, 7.4 | 0.12 | 27.4, 7.3 | 27.7, 6.8 | 6.84 | 24.5, 6.8 | 24.5, 7.1 | 0.04 |
Emotional experience | 32.9, 9.6 | 33.3, 8.4 | 0.04 | 33.1, 8.6 | 34.4, 9.2 | 0.14 | 37.4, 8.4 | 37.8, 8.2 | 8.20 | 34.8, 8.5 | 35.4, 8.7 | 0.05 |
Sense of Behavioral Control | 24.2, 6.8 | 23.4, 6.2 | 0.12 | 24.0, 7.1 | 25.1, 7.5 | 0.15 | 26.5, 6.9 | 27.4, 7.0 | 6.95 | 25.7, 6.4 | 24.9, 7.3 | 0.13 |
Subjective standards | 20.7, 5.7 | 20.3, 5.7 | 0.07 | 20.8, 4.6 | 21.3, 5.1 | 0.11 | 22.4, 5.3 | 21.8, 4.7 | 4.69 | 20.1, 4.9 | 21.0, 4.6 | 0.13 |
Variables | Group | Gender | Interaction Effects | Pairwise Comparison Post | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Score] | F | η2p | F | η2p | F | η2p | |
Behavioral attitudes | 2.620 | 0.022 | 3.327 | 0.010 | 0.192 | 0.002 | — |
Target attitudes | 1.674 | 0.014 | 2.294 | 0.007 | 1.066 | 0.009 | — |
Behavioral perceptions | 0.218 | 0.002 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.237 | 0.002 | — |
Behavioral habits | 3.668 | 0.031 * | 5.362 | 0.015 * | 0.063 | 0.001 | CST + GS > GS, CST + GS > CST |
Behavioral intention | 3.354 | 0.028 * | 2.652 | 0.008 | 1.230 | 0.011 | CST + GS > GS |
Emotional experience | 1.156 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 1.210 | 0.010 | — |
Sense of behavioral control | 3.802 | 0.032 * | 6.589 | 0.019 * | 0.353 | 0.003 | CST + GS > GS, CST > GS, CST + GS > con |
Subjective standards | 1.286 | 0.011 | 0.129 | 0.000 | 1.103 | 0.010 | — |
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Lu, Y.; Yu, K.; Gan, X. Effects of a SMART Goal Setting and 12-Week Core Strength Training Intervention on Physical Fitness and Exercise Attitudes in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137715
Lu Y, Yu K, Gan X. Effects of a SMART Goal Setting and 12-Week Core Strength Training Intervention on Physical Fitness and Exercise Attitudes in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137715
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Yijuan, Kehong Yu, and Xiaomei Gan. 2022. "Effects of a SMART Goal Setting and 12-Week Core Strength Training Intervention on Physical Fitness and Exercise Attitudes in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137715
APA StyleLu, Y., Yu, K., & Gan, X. (2022). Effects of a SMART Goal Setting and 12-Week Core Strength Training Intervention on Physical Fitness and Exercise Attitudes in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137715