Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Health: The Consequences of Race, Gender, and Age among Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Theory
1.2. Neighborhoods, Race, Gender and Health
1.3. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Health in Young Adulthood
1.4. Summary and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Blacks | Whites | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables b | Mean/% | Std. | Mean/% | Std. |
Poor health | 9.96% | –– | 6.29% * | –– |
Age (years) | 22.55 | 3.06 | 22.47 | 3.04 |
Female (1 = yes) | 51.80% | –– | 48.77% * | –– |
Neighborhood disadvantage | 0.36 | 0.68 | 0.17 * | 0.68 |
Employed (1 = yes) | 59.96% | –– | 72.79% * | –– |
Married (1 = yes) | 9.59% | –– | 19.04% | –– |
Parenthood (1 = yes) | 41.67% | –– | 21.95% * | –– |
College degree or more (1 = yes) | 6.76% | –– | 14.06% * | –– |
Family income (1 = top fifth) | 9.43% | –– | 21.06% | –– |
Urban (1 = yes) | 80.42% | –– | 69.02% * | –– |
South (1 = yes) | 58.80% | –– | 29.67% * | –– |
Arrest history (1 = yes) | 6.43% | –– | 4.79% * | –– |
Respondent’s incarceration (1 = yes) | 12.28% | –– | 7.84% * | –– |
N (person-years) | 20,191 | 38,710 |
Blacks | Whites | |||||||
Model 1A | Model 1B | Model 2A | Model 2B | |||||
Variables a | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
Age (centered at 18) | 1.04 *** | (1.02–1.05) | 1.31 | (0.87–1.98) | 1.08 *** | (1.06–1.09) | 0.85 | (0.68–1.06) |
Female (1 = yes) | 1.83 *** | (1.70–1.97) | 4.56 *** | (2.11–9.85) | 1.46 *** | (1.34–1.57) | 1.61 * | (1.52–1.72) |
Neighborhood disadvantage (ND) a | 1.13 *** | (1.04–1.23) | 1.40 ** | (1.12–1.75) | 1.04 * | (1.02–1.07) | 1.05 * | (1.03–1.07) |
Control Variables | ||||||||
Employed (1 = yes) | 0.87 * | (0.77–0.98) | 0.87 * | (0.77–0.98) | 0.85 ** | (0.77–0.94) | 0.86 ** | (0.77–0.95) |
Married (1 = yes) | 0.95 | (0.84–1.07) | 0.95 | (0.84–1.07) | 0.74 *** | (0.68–0.80) | 0.74 *** | (0.68–0.80) |
Parenthood (1 = yes) | 1.38 *** | (1.28–1.48) | 1.38 *** | (1.28–1.48) | 1.38 *** | (1.28–1.49) | 1.38 *** | (1.29–1.49) |
College degree or more (1 = yes) | 0.37 *** | (0.30–0.45) | 0.37 *** | (0.30–0.45) | 0.28 *** | (0.24–0.32) | 0.28 *** | (0.24–0.32) |
Family income (1 = top fifth) | 0.74 *** | (0.65–0.85) | 0.74 *** | (0.65–0.85) | 0.56 *** | (0.51–0.61) | 0.56 *** | (0.52–0.62) |
Urban residence (1 = yes) | 0.92 | (0.84–1.01) | 0.92 | (0.84–1.01) | 1.09 ** | (1.02–1.16) | 1.09 ** | (1.02–1.16) |
Southern residence (1 = yes) | 0.80 *** | (0.75–0.86) | 0.80 *** | (0.75–0.86) | 1.08 * | (1.01–1.15) | 1.08 * | (1.01–1.15) |
Arrest history (1 = yes) | 1.29 *** | (1.13–1.48) | 1.29 *** | (1.13–1.48) | 1.53 *** | (1.36–1.71) | 1.54 *** | (1.37–1.72) |
Respondent’s incarceration (1 = yes) | 1.24 *** | (1.11–1.38) | 1.24 *** | (1.11–1.38) | 1.80 *** | (1.64–1.97) | 1.80 *** | (1.64–1.97) |
Interactions | ||||||||
Age × female | –– | –– | 0.72 * | (0.53–0.98) | –– | –– | 1.27 ** | (1.16–1.40) |
Age × ND | –– | –– | 0.92 | (0.81–1.06) | –– | –– | 1.12 * | (1.02–1.27) |
Female × ND | –– | –– | 0.74 ** | (0.60–0.91) | –– | –– | 0.95 | (0.78–1.17) |
Age × female × ND | –– | –– | 1.11 | (0.94–1.32) | –– | –– | 0.88 ** | (0.82–0.93) |
AIC | 25,441.70 | 25,440.72 | 34,832.72 | 37,829.74 | ||||
−2 Log likelihood | −12,707.85 | −12,704.36 | −17,403.63 | −17,397.73 |
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Christie-Mizell, C.A. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Health: The Consequences of Race, Gender, and Age among Young Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138107
Christie-Mizell CA. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Health: The Consequences of Race, Gender, and Age among Young Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):8107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138107
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristie-Mizell, C. André. 2022. "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Health: The Consequences of Race, Gender, and Age among Young Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 8107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138107
APA StyleChristie-Mizell, C. A. (2022). Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Health: The Consequences of Race, Gender, and Age among Young Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138107