Involvement, Perception, and Understanding as Determinants for Patient–Physician Relationship and Their Association with Adherence: A Questionnaire Survey among People Living with HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy in Austria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Explanatory Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
4. Discussion
Systematic Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Key Considerations
References
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Total (N = 257) | Adherent (N = 185) | Non-Adherent (N = 72) | p * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Understanding, Mean (SD) | 2.93 | (0.72) | 3.03 | (0.69) | 2.68 | (0.73) | <0.001 |
Involvement, Mean (SD) | 2.94 | (0.70) | 3.07 | (0.64) | 2.63 | (0.75) | <0.001 |
Perception, Mean (SD) | 3.24 | (0.69) | 3.24 | (0.61) | 3.00 | (0.81) | 0.002 |
Length of Therapy, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
Less than 1 year | 19 | 7.4% | 17 | 9.2% | 2 | 2.8% | |
0–3 years | 55 | 21.4% | 51 | 27.6% | 4 | 5.6% | |
4–8 years | 80 | 31.1% | 66 | 35.7% | 14 | 19.4% | |
9–15 years | 60 | 23.3% | 32 | 17.3% | 28 | 38.9% | |
Above 15 years | 43 | 16.7% | 19 | 10.3% | 24 | 33.3% | |
Gender, N (%) | 0.065 | ||||||
Male | 189 | (73.3%) | 143 | (76.9%) | 46 | (63.9%) | |
Female | 62 | (24.1%) | 39 | (21.1%) | 23 | (31.9%) | |
Transgender | 4 | (1.6%) | 2 | (1.1%) | 2 | (2.8%) | |
Missing | 2 | (0.8%) | 1 | (0.5%) | 1 | (1.4%) | |
Age, N (%) | 0.003 | ||||||
≤34 | 47 | (18.3%) | 42 | (22.6%) | 5 | (6.9%) | |
35–49 | 123 | (47.9%) | 89 | (47.8%) | 34 | (47.2%) | |
50–65 | 78 | (30.4%) | 47 | (25.3%) | 31 | (43.1%) | |
≥66 | 7 | (2.7%) | 6 | (3.2%) | 1 | (1.4%) | |
Missing | 2 | (0.8%) | 1 | (0.5%) | 1 | (1.4%) | |
Sexual Orientation, N (%) | 0.147 | ||||||
Heterosexuell | 98 | (38.1%) | 65 | (35.1%) | 33 | (45.8%) | |
Homosexuell | 124 | (48.2%) | 96 | (51.9%) | 28 | (38.9%) | |
Bisexuell | 18 | (7.0%) | 12 | (6.5%) | 6 | (8.3%) | |
Missing | 17 | (6.6%) | 12 | (6.5%) | 5 | (6.9%) | |
Education, N (%) | |||||||
Primary Education | 126 | (49.0%) | 83 | (44.9%) | 43 | (59.7%) | 0.070 |
Secondary Education | 72 | (28.0%) | 60 | (32.4%) | 12 | (16.7%) | |
Tertiary Education | 51 | (19.8%) | 39 | (21.1%) | 12 | (16.7%) | |
Missing | 8 | (3.1%) | 3 | (1.6%) | 5 | (6.9%) | |
Austrian Regions, N (%) | 0.340 | ||||||
Burgenland | 2 | (0.8%) | 1 | (0.5%) | 1 | (1.4%) | |
Kärnten (Carinthia) | 30 | (11.7%) | 19 | (10.3%) | 11 | (15.3%) | |
Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) | 1 | (0.4%) | 1 | (0.5%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
Oberösterreich (Upper Austria) | 11 | (4.3%) | 10 | (5.4%) | 1 | (1.4%) | |
Salzburg | 32 | (12.5%) | 22 | (12.0%) | 10 | (13.9%) | |
Steiermark (Styria) | 5 | (2.0%) | 4 | (2.2%) | 1 | (1.4%) | |
Tirol | 49 | (19.1%) | 32 | (17.4%) | 17 | (23.6%) | |
Vorarlberg | 6 | (2.3%) | 6 | (3.3%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
Wien (Vienna) | 109 | (42.6%) | 83 | (45.1%) | 26 | (36.1%) | |
Missing | 11 | (4.3%) | 6 | (3.3%) | 5 | (6.9%) |
Model | Sub-Model | Variable | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Nagelkerkes R-Quadrat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Understanding | Understanding | 0.51 (0.34–0.75) | 0.001 | 0.065 |
(N = 256) | |||||
Involvement | Involvement | 0.42 (0.27–0.63) | <0.001 | 0.102 | |
(N = 254) | |||||
Perception | Perception | 0.50 (0.33–0.74) | 0.001 | 0.067 | |
(N = 253) | |||||
Model II | Understanding | Understanding | 0.65 (0.37–1.15) | 0.142 | 0.291 |
(N = 226) | Length of Therapy | <0.001 | |||
Gender | 0.349 | ||||
Age | 0.183 | ||||
Sexual Orientation | 0.943 | ||||
Education | 0.431 | ||||
Austrian Region | 0.167 | ||||
Involvement | Involvement | 0.47 (0.26–0.84) | 0.011 | 0.451 | |
(N = 225) | Length of Therapy | <0.001 | |||
Gender | 0.199 | ||||
Age | 0.178 | ||||
Sexual Orientation | 0.915 | ||||
Education | 0.585 | ||||
Austrian Region | 0.218 | ||||
Perception | Perception | 0.52 (0.30–0.89) | 0.018 | 0.445 | |
(N = 224) | Length of Therapy | <0.001 | |||
Gender | 0.306 | ||||
Age | 0.148 | ||||
Sexual Orientation | 0.876 | ||||
Education | 0.498 | ||||
Austrian Region | 0.108 |
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Beichler, H.; Grabovac, I.; Leichsenring, B.; Dorner, T.E. Involvement, Perception, and Understanding as Determinants for Patient–Physician Relationship and Their Association with Adherence: A Questionnaire Survey among People Living with HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy in Austria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610314
Beichler H, Grabovac I, Leichsenring B, Dorner TE. Involvement, Perception, and Understanding as Determinants for Patient–Physician Relationship and Their Association with Adherence: A Questionnaire Survey among People Living with HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy in Austria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610314
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeichler, Helmut, Igor Grabovac, Birgit Leichsenring, and Thomas Ernst Dorner. 2022. "Involvement, Perception, and Understanding as Determinants for Patient–Physician Relationship and Their Association with Adherence: A Questionnaire Survey among People Living with HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy in Austria" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610314