Impact of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study in a Spanish Clinical Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data
2.3.2. SF-36 Questionnaire
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Differences in HRQoL between Patients with Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia and General Population
3.3. Evolution in HRQoL Scores in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia at 3 and 12 Months after the Contagion
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Patients (N = 305) Frequency (%) | Total Enrolled Patients (N = 130) Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Male | 157 (51.5%) | 63 (48.5%) |
Female | 148 (48.5%) | 67 (51.5%) |
Hypertension | 104 (34.1%) | 50 (38.5%) |
Diabetes Mellitus | 34 (11.1%) | 13 (10.0%) |
Pulmonary disease 1 | 50 (16.4%) | 20 (15.4%) |
Immunosuppression | 13 (4.3%) | 7 (5.4%) |
Obesity | 88 (28.9%) | 37 (28.5%) |
Smoking history | 134 (43.9%) | 28 (21.5%) |
Cough | 66 (21.6%) | 28 (21.5%) |
Dyspnea | 100 (32.8%) | 48 (36.9%) |
Asthenia | 102 (33.4%) | 47 (36.2%) |
Myalgias-arthralgias | 56 (18.4%) | 25 (19.2%) |
Anosmia-dysgeusia | 59 (19.3%) | 31 (23.8%) |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 33 (10.8%) | 17 (13.1%) |
Memory loss | 44 (14.4%) | 14 (10.8%) |
Dermatological disorders | 25 (8.2%) | 12 (9.2%) |
Headache | 55 (18.0%) | 20 (15.4%) |
Visual loss | 15 (4.9%) | 7 (5.4%) |
Back low pain | 11 (3.6%) | 6 (4.6%) |
Crackles | 18 (5.9%) | 12 (9.2%) |
Post-COVID-19 sequels | 31 (10.2%) | 27 (20.8%) |
Characteristics | Total Patients (N = 305) Mean (SD) (Range) | Total Enrolled Patients (N = 130) Mean (SD) (Range) |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 54.7 (15.9) | 55.9 (15.9) |
(18.0–89.0) | (18.0–88.0) | |
Charlson Index | 1.9 (2.1) | 1.9 (1.8) |
(0.0–11.0) | (0.0–9.0) | |
Modified RALE score | 0.8 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.8) |
(0.0–9.0) | (0.0–9.0) | |
Pulmonary function | ||
FVC, mL | 4027.5 (1177.2) | 3836.1 (1071.1) |
(1450.0–7410.0) | (1550.0–7270.0) | |
FVC, % | 111.6 (18.3) | 109.8 (17.2) |
(64.7–161.1) | (64.9–150.6) | |
FEV1, mL | 3104.3 (983.9) | 2989.2 (897.6) |
(101.3–5770.0) | (940.0–5530.0) | |
FEV1, % | 107.1 (20.1) | 106.1 (18.8) |
(38.7–152.6) | (50.2–147.8) | |
FEV1/FVC % | 77.0 (0.1) | 77.8 (8.9) |
(45.0–122.0) | (54.0–122.0) |
SF-36 Domains | General Population (N = 9151) | Overall Series (N = 130) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 12 Months | ||||||||||
Mean (SD) (Range) | MD (SE) CI 95% | t | p | d | Mean (SD) (Range) | MD (SE) CI 95% | t | p | d | ||
PF | 84.7 (24.0) (0.0–100.0) | 75.1 (23.1) (10.0–100.0) | −9.6 (2.1) (−13.8–5.4) | −4.5 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 70.7 (26.5) (0.0–100.0) | −14.0 (2.1) (−18.2–9.8) | −6.6 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
RP | 83.2 (35.2) (0.0–100.0) | 38.8 (44.5) (0.0–100.0) | −44.4 (3.1) (−50.5–38.3) | −14.2 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 41.1 (42.9) (0.0–100.0) | −42.1 (3.1) (−48.2–36.0) | −13.5 | <0.001 | 1.0 |
BP | 79.0 (27.9) (0.0–100.0) | 68.2 (27.3) (0.0–100.0) | −10.8 (2.5) (−15.6–6.0) | −4.4 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 60.6 (31.1) (0.0–100.0) | −18.4 (2.5) (−23.2–13.6) | −7.5 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
GH | 68.3 (22.3) (0.0–100.0) | 63.3 (21.7) (15.0–100.0) | −5.0 (2.0) (−8.9–1.1) | −2.5 | 0.011 | 0.2 | 57.2 (24.3) (5.0–100.0) | −11.1 (1.9) (−15.0–7.2) | −5.6 | <0.001 | 0.5 |
VT | 66.9 (22.1) (0.0–100.0) | 56.1 (27.3) (0.0–100.0) | −10.8 (2.0) (−14.6–6.9) | −5.5 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 54.7 (27.6) (0.0–100.0) | −12.2 (1.9) (−16.0–8.4) | −6.2 | <0.001 | 0.5 |
SF | 90.1 (20.0) (0.0–100.0) | 69.7 (29.8) (0.0–100.0) | −20.4 (1.8) (−23.9–16.9) | −11.5 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 74.5 (29.0) (0.0–100.0) | −15.6 (1.8) (−19.0–12.1) | −8.8 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
RE | 88.6 (30.1) (0.0–100.0) | 50.7 (46.5) (0.0–100.0) | −37.9 (2.7) (−43.2–32.6) | −14.2 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 56.7 (46.7) (0.0–100.0) | −31.9 (2.7) (−37.2–26.6) | −11.9 | <0.001 | 0.8 |
MH | 73.3 (20.1) (0.0–100.0) | 68.6 (24.1) (0.0–100.0) | −4.7 (1.8) (−8.2–1.2) | −2.6 | 0.008 | 0.2 | 70.1 (23.8) (4.0–100.0) | −3.2 (1.78) (−6.7–0.3) | −1.8 | 0.072 | 0.1 |
SF-36 Domains | t | p | CI95% | d |
---|---|---|---|---|
PF | −0.594 | 0.554 | −9.99 to 5.38 | −0.005 |
RP | 0.717 | 0.474 | −2.82 to 6.02 | 0.05 |
BP | −1.87 | 0.064 | −9.89 to 0.28 | −0.16 |
GH | −1.368 | 0.174 | −15.66 to 2.86 | 0.13 |
VT | −0.648 | 0.518 | −5.36 to 2.70 | −0.06 |
SF | 2.495 | 0.014 | 0.89 to 7.78 | 0.17 |
RE | 2.595 | 0.011 | 1.68 to 12.49 | 0.25 |
MH | 3.215 | 0.002 | 2.16 to 9.07 | 0.26 |
PCS | 2.981 | 0.003 | 0.088 to 0.448 | 0.269 |
MCS | −1.606 | 0.111 | −0.322 to 0.033 | −0.145 |
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Rodríguez-Galán, I.; Albaladejo-Blázquez, N.; Ruiz-Robledillo, N.; Pascual-Lledó, J.F.; Ferrer-Cascales, R.; Gil-Carbonell, J. Impact of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study in a Spanish Clinical Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610421
Rodríguez-Galán I, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Ruiz-Robledillo N, Pascual-Lledó JF, Ferrer-Cascales R, Gil-Carbonell J. Impact of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study in a Spanish Clinical Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610421
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Galán, Irene, Natalia Albaladejo-Blázquez, Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo, José Francisco Pascual-Lledó, Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, and Joan Gil-Carbonell. 2022. "Impact of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study in a Spanish Clinical Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610421