Housing Security and Settlement Intentions of Migrants in Urban China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Background and Literature Review
2.1. Security Housing Projects in China
2.2. Determinants of the Migrant Population’s Settlement Intentions
2.3. Security Housing and Migrant Population’s Settlement Intention
3. Data and Identification Strategy
3.1. Data
3.2. Variables
4. Empirical Results
4.1. Benchmark Regression Results
4.2. Robust Checks
4.2.1. Measurement Errors of Key Variables
4.2.2. Error-Term Mis-Specification
4.2.3. Omitted Variables Bias
4.2.4. Sample Selection Bias
4.3. Further Analyses
4.3.1. Temporary Residence and Permanent Residence
4.3.2. Housing Security, Housing Expenditure, and Settlement Intentions
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
(1) | ||
---|---|---|
Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.387 *** | 0.059 *** |
(0.148) | (0.023) | |
Log(Land supply area) | 0.025 *** | 0.004 *** |
(0.007) | (0.001) | |
Male | −0.023 | −0.003 |
(0.025) | (0.004) | |
Age | −0.006 *** | −0.001 *** |
(0.001) | (0.000) | |
Four-year college | 0.683 *** | 0.104 *** |
(0.073) | (0.011) | |
Three-year college | 0.537 *** | 0.082 *** |
(0.057) | (0.009) | |
Middle & high school | 0.200 *** | 0.030 *** |
(0.036) | (0.005) | |
Urban hukou | 0.015 | 0.002 |
(0.040) | (0.006) | |
Married | 0.244 *** | 0.037 *** |
(0.040) | (0.006) | |
Communist | 0.239 *** | 0.036 *** |
(0.071) | (0.011) | |
Entrepreneur | 0.371 *** | 0.057 *** |
(0.065) | (0.010) | |
Self-employer | 0.020 | 0.003 |
(0.028) | (0.004) | |
Household size | 0.102 *** | 0.016 *** |
(0.013) | (0.002) | |
Log(Income) | 0.117 *** | 0.018 *** |
(0.024) | (0.004) | |
Log(Population density) | 0.051 ** | 0.008 ** |
(0.021) | (0.003) | |
Log(GDP per capita) | 0.292 *** | 0.044 *** |
(0.043) | (0.007) | |
Ratio of the tertiary industry in GDP | 0.008 *** | 0.001 *** |
(0.002) | (0.000) | |
Housing price to income ratio | −0.049 *** | −0.008 *** |
(0.012) | (0.002) | |
Other variables controlled | ||
Province dummies | Yes | |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.0366 | |
Observations | 45,765 |
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Variable | Obs | Mean | Std.Dev. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Stay | 49,396 | 0.804 | 0.397 | 1.000 | |||||
2. Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 49,396 | 0.267 | 0.131 | 0.027 *** | 1.000 | ||||
3. Land supply area | 49,396 | 669.0 | 601.7 | 0.023 *** | −0.111 *** | 1.000 | |||
4. Male | 49,396 | 0.556 | 0.497 | 0.003 | 0.014 *** | −0.005 | 1.000 | ||
5. Age | 49,396 | 35.41 | 10.04 | −0.016 *** | 0.021 *** | −0.026 *** | 0.127 *** | 1.000 | |
6. Four-year college | 49,396 | 0.065 | 0.247 | 0.049 *** | 0.012 *** | 0.047 *** | −0.023 *** | −0.146 *** | 1.000 |
7. Three-year college | 49,396 | 0.107 | 0.310 | 0.037 *** | 0.005 | 0.049 *** | −0.036 *** | −0.201 *** | −0.092 *** |
8. Middle & high school | 49,396 | 0.686 | 0.464 | −0.017 *** | −0.024 *** | −0.008 * | 0.089 *** | −0.048 *** | −0.390 *** |
9. Urban hukou | 49,396 | 0.138 | 0.345 | 0.021 *** | 0.017 *** | 0.038 *** | −0.010 ** | −0.007 | 0.264 *** |
10. Married | 49,396 | 0.764 | 0.425 | 0.065 *** | 0.087 *** | −0.063 *** | 0.047 *** | 0.453 *** | −0.118 *** |
11. Communist | 49,396 | 0.042 | 0.201 | 0.033 *** | 0.004 | 0.008 * | 0.042 *** | 0.007 | 0.232 *** |
12. Entrepreneur | 49,396 | 0.052 | 0.222 | 0.037 *** | 0.010 ** | −0.016 *** | 0.038 *** | 0.017 *** | −0.019 *** |
13. Self-employer | 49,396 | 0.354 | 0.478 | −0.014 *** | −0.008 * | −0.087 *** | 0.011 ** | 0.194 *** | −0.156 *** |
14. Household size | 49,396 | 2.991 | 1.233 | 0.063 *** | 0.044 *** | −0.104 *** | 0.037 *** | 0.247 *** | −0.142 *** |
15. Income | 49,396 | 4241 | 3456 | 0.074 *** | 0.049 *** | 0.047 *** | 0.156 *** | −0.051 *** | 0.156 *** |
7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
7. Three-year college | 1.000 | ||||||||
8. Middle & high school | −0.512 *** | 1.000 | |||||||
9. Urban hukou | 0.171 *** | −0.161 *** | 1.000 | ||||||
10. Married | −0.147 *** | 0.051 *** | −0.068 *** | 1.000 | |||||
11. Communist | 0.072 *** | −0.125 *** | 0.107 *** | −0.001 | 1.000 | ||||
12. Entrepreneur | 0.000 | 0.029 *** | 0.026 *** | 0.074 *** | 0.003 | 1.000 | |||
13. Self-employer | −0.141 *** | 0.100 *** | −0.111 *** | 0.252 *** | −0.063 *** | −0.174 *** | 1.000 | ||
14. Household size | −0.147 *** | 0.077 *** | −0.129 *** | 0.613 *** | −0.025 *** | 0.064 *** | 0.235 *** | 1.000 | |
15. Income | 0.063 *** | −0.039 *** | 0.114 *** | 0.079 *** | 0.061 *** | 0.238 *** | 0.004 | 0.043 *** | 1.000 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Marginal Effect | Coef. | Marginal Effect | Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.567 *** | 0.089 *** | 0.378 *** | 0.058 *** | 0.568 *** | 0.086 *** |
(0.087) | (0.014) | (0.089) | (0.014) | (0.145) | (0.022) | |
Log(Land supply area) | 0.102 *** | 0.016 *** | 0.093 *** | 0.014 *** | 0.102 *** | 0.016 *** |
(0.013) | (0.002) | (0.013) | (0.002) | (0.020) | (0.003) | |
Male | −0.054 ** | −0.008 ** | −0.038 | −0.006 | ||
(0.024) | (0.004) | (0.024) | (0.004) | |||
Age | −0.005 *** | −0.001 *** | −0.006 *** | −0.001 *** | ||
(0.001) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.000) | |||
Four-year college | 0.748 *** | 0.115 *** | 0.707 *** | 0.108 *** | ||
(0.069) | (0.011) | (0.070) | (0.011) | |||
Three-year college | 0.542 *** | 0.084 *** | 0.555 *** | 0.084 *** | ||
(0.053) | (0.008) | (0.054) | (0.008) | |||
Middle & high school | 0.194 *** | 0.030 *** | 0.214 *** | 0.033 *** | ||
(0.034) | (0.005) | (0.035) | (0.005) | |||
Urban hukou | −0.012 | −0.002 | −0.008 | −0.001 | ||
(0.037) | (0.006) | (0.037) | (0.006) | |||
Married | 0.317 *** | 0.049 *** | 0.274 *** | 0.042 *** | ||
(0.037) | (0.006) | (0.037) | (0.006) | |||
Communist | 0.249 *** | 0.038 *** | 0.253 *** | 0.038 *** | ||
(0.068) | (0.010) | (0.069) | (0.010) | |||
Entrepreneur | 0.270 *** | 0.042 *** | 0.324 *** | 0.049 *** | ||
(0.061) | (0.009) | (0.062) | (0.009) | |||
Self-employer | −0.072 *** | −0.011 *** | 0.006 | 0.001 | ||
(0.026) | (0.004) | (0.027) | (0.004) | |||
Household size | 0.111 *** | 0.017 *** | 0.113 *** | 0.017 *** | ||
(0.013) | (0.002) | (0.013) | (0.002) | |||
Log(Income) | 0.249 *** | 0.038 *** | 0.172 *** | 0.026 *** | ||
(0.021) | (0.003) | (0.022) | (0.003) | |||
Other variables controlled | ||||||
Province dummies | No | No | Yes | |||
Pseudo R-squared | 0.0019 | 0.0206 | 0.0348 | |||
Observations | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 |
(1) Transfer to Local Hukou | (2) Settlement Intentions | (3) Settlement Intentions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Marginal Effect | Coef. | Marginal Effect | Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
The average value in past 5 years | ||||||
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 1.203 *** | 0.250 *** | ||||
(0.124) | (0.026) | |||||
Log(Land supply area) | 0.239 *** | 0.050 *** | ||||
(0.018) | (0.004) | |||||
The average value in past 4 years | ||||||
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.394 *** | 0.060 *** | ||||
(0.133) | (0.020) | |||||
Log(Land supply area) | 0.094 *** | 0.014 *** | ||||
(0.019) | (0.003) | |||||
The average value in past 6 years | ||||||
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.744 *** | 0.113 *** | ||||
(0.148) | (0.022) | |||||
Log(Land supply area) | 0.102 *** | 0.015 *** | ||||
(0.020) | (0.003) | |||||
Other variables controlled | ||||||
Household characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Province dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Pseudo R-squared | 0.0925 | 0.0345 | 0.0350 | |||
Observations | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 |
Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
---|---|---|
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.325 *** | 0.087 *** |
(0.082) | (0.022) | |
Log(Land supply area) | 0.058 *** | 0.016 *** |
(0.011) | (0.003) | |
Other variables controlled | ||
Household characteristics | Yes | |
Province dummies | Yes | |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.0347 | |
Observations | 49,396 |
Baseline Effect | Controlled Effect | Bias-Adjusted β | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.0889 *** | 0.0880 *** | 0.0903 | 0.0940 | 0.1002 | 0.1138 | 0.1641 |
(0.0136) | (0.0232) | ||||||
Log(Land supply area) | 0.0163 *** | 0.0181 *** | |||||
(0.0021) | (0.0033) | ||||||
Observations | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 | 49,396 |
R-squared | 0.0019 | 0.0328 | 0.03608 | 0.03936 | 0.04264 | 0.04592 | 0.0492 |
Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
---|---|---|
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.784 *** | 0.127 |
(0.159) | (0.080) | |
Log(Land supply area) | 0.065 *** | 0.011 |
(0.023) | (0.007) | |
0.029 | ||
(0.357) | ||
LR test of indep. eqns. | ||
Chi-square | 0.010 | |
Prob > Chi-square | 0.9339 | |
Other variables controlled | ||
Household characteristics | Yes | |
Province dummies | Yes | |
Wald chi-sauqre | 554.67 *** | |
Observations | 69,532 |
(1) Temporary Residence | (2) Permanent Residence | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Marginal Effect | Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | −0.1088 | −0.072 | 0.7048 *** | 0.1553 |
(0.1441) | (0.1362) | |||
Log(Land supply area) | 0.0321 | 0.0030 | 0.1150 *** | 0.0216 |
(0.0205) | (0.0193) | |||
Other variables controlled | ||||
Household characteristics | Yes | Yes | ||
Province dummies | Yes | Yes | ||
Pseudo R-squared | 0.0408 | 0.0408 | ||
Observations | 49,396 | 49,396 |
Coef. | Marginal Effect | |
---|---|---|
Ratio of land supply area for security housing × Log(housing expenditure) | 0.101 *** | 0.015 *** |
(0.034) | (0.005) | |
Log(housing expenditure) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
(0.010) | (0.002) | |
Ratio of land supply area for security housing | 0.043 | 0.006 |
(0.230) | (0.035) | |
Log(Land supply area) | 0.096 *** | 0.015 *** |
(0.020) | (0.003) | |
Other variables controlled | ||
Household characteristics | Yes | |
Province dummies | Yes | |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.0357 | |
Observations | 49,396 |
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Wang, Z.; Hu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Z. Housing Security and Settlement Intentions of Migrants in Urban China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169780
Wang Z, Hu M, Zhang Y, Chen Z. Housing Security and Settlement Intentions of Migrants in Urban China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):9780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169780
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhen, Mingzhi Hu, Yu Zhang, and Zhuo Chen. 2022. "Housing Security and Settlement Intentions of Migrants in Urban China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 9780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169780