Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Fungal Isolation
2.2. Morphological Characterization
2.3. Sequence Analysis
2.4. Construction of the Phylogenetic Tree
2.5. Pathogenicity Test
2.6. PCR Assay of Trichothecene Biosynthetic Genes
2.7. Efficacy of Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid for the Control of F. sulawense on Soybean Pods
2.8. Combinations of Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid for the Control of F. sulawense on Soybean Pods
2.9. Combinations of Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid for the Control of F. sulawense on Soybean Pods
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. F. sulawense Was Identified as the Causal Agent of Soybean Pod Blight in Nantong Municipality
3.2. Combinations of Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid Reduced the Symptoms of F. sulawense on Soybean Pods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application | Antifungal Agent | Concentration (mg/mL) | Lesion Length (mm) 1,2 | Inhibitory Activity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Preventive | Carbendazim | 3.80 | 0.95 ± 0.38 b | 76.2 |
Dipicolinic acid | 0.84 | 2.78 ± 1.20 ab | 33.3 | |
Kojic acid | 0.71 | 3.02 ± 1.67 ab | 28.6 | |
Control 3 | - | 4.27 ± 1.93 a | - | |
Curative | Carbendazim | 3.80 | 4.17 ± 1.93 a | - |
Dipicolinic acid | 0.84 | 4.77 ± 2.16 a | - | |
Kojic acid | 0.71 | 4.63 ± 2.25 a | - | |
Control 3 | - | 4.00 ± 1.91 a | - |
Application | Antifungal Agent (Concentration; mg/mL) | Lesion Length (mm) 1,2 | Inhibitory Activity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Preventive | Carbendazim (3.8); Dipicolinic acid (0.84) | 0.77 ± 0.49 b | 82.7 |
Carbendazim (1.9); Dipicolinic acid (0.84) | 1.25 ± 0.60 b | 71.8 | |
Carbendazim (0.95); Dipicolinic acid (0.84) | 1.30 ± 0.72 b | 70.7 | |
Carbendazim (3.8); Kojic acid (0.71) | 0.80 ± 0.25 b | 82.0 | |
Carbendazim (1.9); Kojic acid (0.71) | 0.67 ± 0.48 b | 84.9 | |
Carbendazim (0.95); Kojic acid (0.71) | 4.17 ± 1.97 a | 6.0 | |
Dipicolinic acid (0.84); Kojic acid (0.71) | 3.57 ± 1.29 a | 19.5 | |
Dipicolinic acid (0.21); Kojic acid (0.71) | 4.30 ± 1.74 a | 3.0 | |
Dipicolinic acid (0.84); Kojic acid (0.18) | 4.11 ± 1.51 a | 7.1 | |
Control 3 | 4.43 ± 1.52 a | - | |
Curative | Carbendazim (3.8); Dipicolinic acid (0.84) | 2.41 ± 1.47 a | 49.1 |
Carbendazim (1.9); Dipicolinic acid (0.84) | 2.62 ± 1.25 a | 44.7 | |
Carbendazim (0.95); Dipicolinic acid (0.84) | 2.68 ± 1.88 a | 43.3 | |
Carbendazim (3.8); Kojic acid (0.71) | 3.48 ± 1.62 a | 26.4 | |
Carbendazim (1.9); Kojic acid (0.71) | 4.83 ± 2.33 a | - | |
Carbendazim (0.95); Kojic acid (0.71) | 4.40 ± 1.84 a | 7.0 | |
Dipicolinic acid (0.84); Kojic acid (0.71) | 3.17 ± 1.68 a | 33.1 | |
Dipicolinic acid (0.21); Kojic acid (0.71) | 4.38 ± 2.49 a | 7.4 | |
Dipicolinic acid (0.84); Kojic acid (0.18) | 4.57 ± 2.61 a | 3.5 | |
Control 3 | 4.73 ± 1.44 a | - |
Antifungal Agent (Concentration; mg/mL) | Time between Application of the Fungicides and Inoculation of the Pathogen (days) | Lesion length (mm) 1,2 | Inhibitory Activity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Carbendazim (1.9 mg/mL); Kojic acid (0.71 mg/mL) | 0 | 0.93 ± 0.70 b | 77.6 |
1 | 0.99 ± 0.74 b | 76.2 | |
2 | 0.90 ± 0.55 b | 78.4 | |
3 | 0.78 ± 0.31 b | 81.3 | |
4 | 0.76 ± 0.49 b | 81.7 | |
5 | 0.94 ± 0.45 b | 77.5 | |
6 | 0.86 ± 0.45 b | 79.4 | |
7 | 1.11 ± 0.64 b | 73.3 | |
Control 3 | 4.16 ± 0.98 a | - | |
Carbendazim (0.95 mg/mL); Kojic acid (0.71 mg/mL) | 0 | 1.02 ± 0.90 c | 77.5 |
1 | 0.73 ± 0.69 c | 83.9 | |
2 | 1.77 ± 0.73 bc | 60.9 | |
3 | 2.27 ± 0.99 bc | 49.9 | |
4 | 2.23 ± 1.19 bc | 50.8 | |
5 | 2.52 ± 1.21 abc | 44.4 | |
6 | 3.31 ± 1.27 ab | 26.9 | |
7 | 3.40 ± 1.37 ab | 24.9 | |
Control 3 | 4.53 ± 1.12 a | - |
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Sun, Q.; Zhang, S.-L.; Xie, Y.-J.; Xu, M.-T.; Herrera-Balandrano, D.D.; Chen, X.; Wang, S.-Y.; Shi, X.-C.; Laborda, P. Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710531
Sun Q, Zhang S-L, Xie Y-J, Xu M-T, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Chen X, Wang S-Y, Shi X-C, Laborda P. Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710531
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Qing, Shi-Ling Zhang, Yong-Jing Xie, Mei-Ting Xu, Daniela D. Herrera-Balandrano, Xin Chen, Su-Yan Wang, Xin-Chi Shi, and Pedro Laborda. 2022. "Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710531