Factor Analysis Affecting Degree of Depression in Family Caregivers of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Dependent Variables
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
2.3. Independent Variables
2.3.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.3.2. General Characteristics of Family Caregivers Related to Care
2.3.3. Life Satisfaction of Families with Spinal Cord Disabilities
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics (Caregivers and Patients)
3.2. Depression, Physical Health, Household Income, Leisure and Social Activity, Family Relations, and Overall Life Satisfaction in Caregivers
3.3. Comparison of Caregiver’s Depression, Physical Health, Household Income, Leisure and Social Activity, Family Relations, Overall Life Satisfaction and General Characteristics (Caregivers and Patients)
3.4. Correlation of Physical Health, Household Income, Leisure and Social Activity, Family Relations, and Overall Life Satisfaction in General Status in Caregiver
3.5. Factor Association of Depression in Caregivers
3.6. Pathway Factors of Caregiver Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Caregiver | Patient | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | n | % | |
Age | ||||
≥60 | 11 | 36.7 | 12 | 40.0 |
<60 | 19 | 63.3 | 18 | 60.0 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 6 | 20.0 | 25 | 83.3 |
Female | 24 | 80.0 | 5 | 16.7 |
Education level | ||||
≥College | 10 | 33.3 | 12 | 40.0 |
High school | 10 | 33.3 | 13 | 43.3 |
≤Middle school | 10 | 33.3 | 5 | 16.7 |
Economic activity | ||||
Yes | 13 | 43.3 | 11 | 36.7 |
No | 17 | 56.7 | 19 | 63.3 |
Married status | ||||
Married | 25 | 83.3 | 23 | 23.3 |
Single | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 76.7 |
Other (separated, widowed) | 5 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
Religion | ||||
Yes | 18 | 60.0 | 13 | 43.3 |
No | 12 | 40.0 | 17 | 56.7 |
Relationship with the patient | ||||
Spouse | 19 | 63.3 | - | - |
Parents | 3 | 10.0 | - | - |
Children | 4 | 13.3 | - | - |
Other (grandparents, grandchildren, brothers, and sisters) | 4 | 13.3 | - | - |
Patient care shifting | ||||
Yes | 7 | 23.3 | - | - |
No | 23 | 76.7 | - | - |
Total | 30 | 100.0 | 30 | 100.0 |
Variables | Min–Max | M [SD] | Skewness + | Kurtosis ++ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | 1–5 | 2.56 [0.82] | 0.361 | 0.333 |
Physical health | 1–4 | 2.70 [0.79] | −0.716 | 0.414 |
Household income | 1–4 | 2.70 [0.75] | −1.010 | 0.977 |
Leisure and Social activity | 1–4 | 2.50 [0.86] | −0.174 | −0.491 |
Family relations | 1–4 | 2.90 [0.76] | −0.842 | 1.269 |
Life-in-general status | 1–4 | 2.50 [0.86] | −0.174 | −0.491 |
Variables | Depression | Physical Health | Household Income | Leisure and Social Activity | Family Relations | Life-in-General Status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M [SD] | Z + or H ++ [p] | M [SD] | Z + or H ++ [p] | M [SD] | Z + or H ++ [p] | M [SD] | Z + or H ++ [p] | M [SD] | Z + or H ++ [p] | M [SD] | Z + or H ++ [p] | |
Caregiver | ||||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||||
≥60 | 2.58 [0.73] | −0.043 [0.966] | 2.45 [0.69] | −1.540 [0.124] | 2.73 [0.79] | −0.129 [0.898] | 2.45 [0.93] | −0.138 [890] | 2.91 [0.94] | −0.200 [0.841] | 2.27 [0.91] | −1.193 [0.233] |
<60 | 2.55 [0.89] | 2.84 [0.83] | 2.68 [0.75] | 2.53 [0.84] | 2.89 [0.66] | 2.63 [0.83] | ||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 3.33 [0.81] | −1.739 [0.082] | 3.17 [0.81] | −2.209 [0.027] | 3.00 [0.63] | −1.024 [0.306] | 2.83 [0.75] | −0.995 [0.320] | 3.17 [0.75] | −0.935 [0.350] | 2.67 [0.82] | −0.359 [0.719] |
Female | 2.84 [0.72] | 2.55 [0.72] | 2.63 [0.77] | 2.42 [0.88] | 2.83 [0.76] | 2.46 [0.88] | ||||||
Education level | ||||||||||||
≥College | 2.40 [0.78] | 1.823 [0.402] | 3.00 [0.67] | 4.818 [0.090] | 2.90 [0.57] | 1.334 [0.513] | 2.70 [0.82] | 0.626 [0.731] | 3.10 [0.57] | 3.206 [0.201] | 2.70 [0.82] | 2.581 [0.275] |
High school | 2.36 [0.66] | 2.90 [0.57] | 2.80 [0.42] | 2.50 [0.71] | 3.10 [0.57] | 2.70 [0.48] | ||||||
≤Middle school | 2.93 [0.96] | 2.20 [0.92] | 2.40 [1.08] | 2.30 [1.06] | 2.50 [0.97] | 2.10 [1.10] | ||||||
Economic activity | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2.26 [0.65] | −1.299 [0.194] | 3.08 [0.49] | −2.282 [0.022] | 3.00 [0.58] | −1.803 [0.071] | 2.69 [0.75] | −0.826 [0.409] | 3.15 [0.38] | −1.484 [0.138] | 2.85 [0.69] | −1.852 [0.064] |
No | 2.79 [0.89] | 2.41 [0.87] | 2.47 [0.80] | 2.35 [0.93] | 2.71 [0.92] | 2.24 [0.90] | ||||||
Married status | ||||||||||||
Married | 2.60 [0.89] | −0.752 [0.452] | 2.64 [0.86] | −0.948 [0.343] | 2.68 [0.80] | −0.166 [0.868] | 2.44 [0.92] | −0.950 [0.342] | 2.88 [0.03] | −0.162 [0.871] | 2.44 [0.92] | −1.327 [0.342] |
Single | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
Other (separated, widowed) | 2.35 [0.30] | 3.00 [0.00] | 2.80 [0.45] | 2.80 [0.45] | 3.00 [0.01] | 2.80 [0.45] | ||||||
Religion | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2.59 [0.79] | −0.996 [0.319] | 2.89 [0.76] | −1.587 [0.113] | 2.83 [0.71] | −1.114 [0.265] | 2.50 [0.86] | −0.113 [0.910] | 3.00 [0.77] | −0.960 [0.337] | 2.56 [0.86] | −0.406 [0.684] |
No | 2.52 [0.91] | 2.42 [0.79] | 2.50 [0.80] | 2.50 [0.91] | 2.75 [0.75] | 2.42 [0.90] | ||||||
Relationship with the patient | ||||||||||||
Spouse | 2.64 [0.98] | 1.080 [0.782] | 2.53 [0.84] | 6.983 [0.072] | 2.58 [0.90] | 1.573 [0.665] | 2.53 [1.02] | 2.049 [0.562] | 2.53 [1.02] | 1.167 [0.761] | 2.47 [1.02] | 3.371 [0.338] |
Parents | 2.62 [0.45] | 3.67 [0.58] | 3.00 [0.01] | 2.00 [0.01] | 2.00 [0.01] | 2.00 [0.01] | ||||||
Children | 2.51 [0.66] | 2.50 [0.58] | 3.00 [0.01] | 2.50 [0.29] | 2.50 [0.58] | 2.50 [0.58] | ||||||
Other (grandparents, grandchildren, brother, and sister) | 2.20 [0.18] | 3.00 [0.01] | 2.75 [0.50] | 2.75 [0.50] | 2.75 [0.50] | 3.00 [0.01] | ||||||
Patient care shifting | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2.55 [0.71] | −0.025 [0.980] | 2.57 [0.54] | −0.836 [0.403] | 2.86 [0.38] | −0.499 [0.618] | 2.29 [0.76] | −0.758 [0.448] | 3.29 [0.49] | −1.568 [0.117] | 2.43 [0.54] | −0.392 [0.695] |
No | 2.56 [0.87] | 2.74 [0.86] | 2.65 [0.83] | 2.57 [0.90] | 2.78 [0.80] | 2.52 [0.95] | ||||||
Patients | ||||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||||
≥60 | 2.70 [0.66] | −0.700 [0.484] | 2.75 [0.87] | −0.216 [0.829] | 2.83 [0.72] | −0.912 [0.362] | 2.42 [0.90] | −0.406 [0.684] | 2.83 [0.84] | −0.369 [0.712] | 2.42 [0.79] | −0.609 [0.542] |
<60 | 2.47 [0.93] | 2.67 [0.77] | 2.61 [0.78] | 2.56 [0.86] | 2.94 [0.73] | 2.56 [0.92] | ||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 2.62 [0.84] | −0.752 [−0.452] | 2.64 [0.81] | −0.853 [0.393] | 2.64 [0.76] | −0.899 [0.369] | 2.40 [0.87] | −1.424 [0.154] | 2.84 [0.80] | −0.938 [0.318] | 2.40 [0.87] | −1.424 [0.154] |
Female | 2.24 [0.77] | 3.00 [0.71] | 3.00 [0.71] | 3.00 [0.71] | 3.20 [0.45] | 3.00 [0.71] | ||||||
Education level | ||||||||||||
≥College | 2.10 [0.67] | 5.381 [0.068] | 2.92 [0.52] | 1.980 [0.371] | 2.83 [0.58] | 1.666 [0.430] | 2.83 [0.72] | 4.699 [0.095] | 3.08 [0.67] | 2.479 [0.289] | 2.83 [0.72] | 6.179 [0.046] |
High school | 2.78 [0.78] | 2.69 [0.75] | 2.77 [0.60] | 2.46 [0.88] | 2.92 [0.76] | 2.54 [0.78] | ||||||
≤Middle school | 3.10 [0.85] | 2.20 [1.30] | 2.20 [1.30] | 1.80 [0.84] | 2.40 [0.89] | 1.60 [0.89] | ||||||
Economic activity | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2.04 [0.71] | −2.478 [0.013] | 2.91 [0.54] | −0.953 [0.340] | 2.91 [0.54] | −0.978 [0.328] | 2.82 [0.75] | −1.400 [0.162] | 3.09 [0.70] | −0.926 [0.355] | 2.73 [0.79] | −0.872 [0.383] |
No | 2.86 [0.74] | 2.58 [0.90] | 2.58 [0.84] | 2.32 [0.89] | 2.79 [0.79] | 2.37 [0.90] | ||||||
Married status | ||||||||||||
Married | 2.60 [0.89] | −0.752 [0.452] | 2.70 [0.88] | −0.948 [0.343] | 2.68 [0.80] | −0.166 [0.868] | 2.44 [0.95] | −0.950 [0.342] | 2.88 [0.83] | −0.162 [0.871] | 2.44 [0.92] | −0.950 [0.342] |
Single | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
Other (separated, widowed) | 2.35 [0.30] | 3.00 [0.00] | 2.80 [0.45] | 2.80 [0.45] | 3.00 [0.00] | 2.80 [0.45] | ||||||
Religion | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2.59 [0.79] | −0.042 [0.967] | 2.89 [0.76] | −1.141 [0.254] | 2.83 [0.71] | −1.252 [0.211] | 2.50 [0.86] | −1.339 [0.181] | 3.00 [0.77] | −0.949 [0.343] | 2.56 [0.86] | −1.540 0[.124] |
No | 2.52 [0.91] | 2.42 [0.79] | 2.50 [0.80] | 2.50 [0.91] | 2.75 [0.75] | 2.42 [0.90] | ||||||
Total | 2.56 [0.82] | 2.70 [0.79] | 2.70 [0.75] | 2.50 [0.86] | 2.90 [0.76] | 2.50 [0.86] |
Variables | Physical Health | Household Income | Leisure and Social Activity | Family Relations | Life in General Status | Depression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r [p] | r [p] | r [p] | r [p] | r [p] | r [p] | |
Physical health | 1 | |||||
Household income | 0.582 [0.001] | 1 | ||||
Leisure and Social activity | 0.559 [0.001] | 0.534 [0.002] | 1 | |||
Family relations | 0.488 [0.006] | 0.528 [0.003] | 0.433 [0.017] | 1 | ||
Life-in-general status | 0.634 [<0.001] | 0.583 [0.001] | 0.841 [<0.001] | 0.597 [0.001] | 1 | |
Depression | −0.555 [0.001] | −0.429 [0.018] | −0.770 [<0.001] | −0.466 [0.009] | −646 [<0.001] | 1 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B [β] | t [p] | B [β] | t [p] | |
[Constants] | 5.107 [-] | 13.567 [<0.001] | 3.995 [-] | 6.318 [<0.001] |
Physical health | −0.204 [−0.196] | −1.218 [0.235] | −0.196 [−0.189] | −1.285 [0.212] |
Household income | 0.001 [0.001] | 0.006 [0.996] | 0.018 [0.016] | 0.111 [0.913] |
Leisure and Social activity | −0.718 [0.200] | −3.584 [0.001] | −0.606 [−0.633] | −3.229 [0.004] |
Family relations | −0.195 [0.161] | −1.209 [0.238] | −0.149 [−0.137] | −0.997 [0.329] |
Life-in-general status | 0.145 [0.231] | 0.627 [0.537] | 0.056 [0.059] | 0.263 [0.795] |
Patients Economic activity -No [ref: Yes] | 0.438 [0.260] | 2.607 [0.016] | ||
R2, Adj R2 | 0.746, 0.693 | 0.806, 0.744 | ||
F, p | 14.068, <0.001 | 13.042, <0.001 |
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Lee, S.-J.; Kim, M.-G.; Kim, J.h.; Min, Y.-S.; Kim, C.-H.; Kim, K.-T.; Hwang, J.-M. Factor Analysis Affecting Degree of Depression in Family Caregivers of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710878
Lee S-J, Kim M-G, Kim Jh, Min Y-S, Kim C-H, Kim K-T, Hwang J-M. Factor Analysis Affecting Degree of Depression in Family Caregivers of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710878
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Su-Jin, Myung-Gwan Kim, Jung hee Kim, Yu-Sun Min, Chul-Hyun Kim, Kyoung-Tae Kim, and Jong-Moon Hwang. 2022. "Factor Analysis Affecting Degree of Depression in Family Caregivers of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710878