Association between Smartphone Addiction and Suicide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt
2.3. Smartphone Addiction
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | General User Group | Potential-Risk User Group | High-Risk User Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | p-Value | ||
Total | 54,948 | 100.0 | 41,173 | 74.9 | 12,142 | 22.1 | 1633 | 3.0 | ||
Sex | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Male | 28,353 | 51.6 | 22,521 | 54.7 | 5239 | 43.1 | 593 | 36.3 | ||
Female | 26,595 | 48.4 | 18,652 | 45.3 | 6903 | 56.9 | 1040 | 63.7 | ||
Grade | <0.0001 | |||||||||
High school | 28,961 | 52.7 | 22,096 | 53.7 | 6067 | 50.0 | 798 | 48.9 | ||
Middle school | 25,987 | 47.3 | 19,077 | 46.3 | 6075 | 50.0 | 835 | 51.1 | ||
Academic achievement | <0.0001 | |||||||||
High | 18,217 | 33.2 | 12,634 | 30.7 | 4778 | 39.4 | 805 | 49.3 | ||
Moderate | 16,585 | 30.2 | 12,679 | 30.8 | 3531 | 29.1 | 375 | 23.0 | ||
Low | 20,146 | 36.7 | 15,860 | 38.5 | 3833 | 31.6 | 453 | 27.7 | ||
Household income | <0.0001 | |||||||||
High | 7212 | 13.1 | 5047 | 12.3 | 1859 | 15.3 | 306 | 18.7 | ||
Average | 26,397 | 48.0 | 19,650 | 47.7 | 5985 | 49.3 | 762 | 46.7 | ||
Low | 21,339 | 38.8 | 16,476 | 40.0 | 4298 | 35.4 | 565 | 34.6 | ||
Residential type | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Lives with parents | 52,332 | 95.2 | 39,126 | 95.0 | 11,651 | 96.0 | 1555 | 95.2 | ||
Lives without parents | 2616 | 4.8 | 2047 | 5.0 | 491 | 4.0 | 78 | 4.8 | ||
Sleep satisfaction | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Satisfied | 16,824 | 30.6 | 13,759 | 33.4 | 2750 | 22.6 | 315 | 19.3 | ||
Moderate | 18,656 | 34.0 | 14,165 | 34.4 | 4081 | 33.6 | 410 | 25.1 | ||
Unsatisfied | 19,468 | 35.4 | 13,249 | 32.2 | 5311 | 43.7 | 908 | 55.6 | ||
Fast food | <0.0001 | |||||||||
≤2 times/week | 41,292 | 75.1 | 31,903 | 77.5 | 8396 | 69.1 | 993 | 60.8 | ||
≥3 times/week | 13,656 | 24.9 | 9270 | 22.5 | 3746 | 30.9 | 640 | 39.2 | ||
Physical activity | <0.0001 | |||||||||
≤2 days a week | 37,241 | 67.8 | 26,858 | 65.2 | 9120 | 75.1 | 1263 | 77.3 | ||
≥3 days a week | 17,707 | 32.2 | 14,315 | 34.8 | 3022 | 24.9 | 370 | 22.7 | ||
Lifetime smoking experience | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Never | 48,867 | 88.9 | 37,062 | 90.0 | 10,527 | 86.7 | 1278 | 78.3 | ||
Ever | 6081 | 11.1 | 4111 | 10.0 | 1615 | 13.3 | 355 | 21.7 | ||
Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | |||||||||
Never | 49,056 | 89.3 | 37,181 | 90.3 | 10,558 | 87.0 | 1317 | 80.6 | ||
Ever | 5892 | 10.7 | 3992 | 9.7 | 1584 | 13.0 | 316 | 19.4 |
Variables | Total | Suicide Ideation | Suicide Attempt | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | p-Value | Yes | p-Value | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
Total | 54,948 | 100.0 | 5979 | 10.9 | 1121 | 2.0 | |||
Smartphone addiction | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
General user group | 41,173 | 74.9 | 3680 | 6.7 | 721 | 1.3 | |||
Potential-risk user group | 12,142 | 22.1 | 1860 | 3.4 | 305 | 0.6 | |||
High-risk user group | 1633 | 3.0 | 439 | 0.8 | 95 | 0.2 | |||
Sex | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
Male | 28,353 | 51.6 | 2254 | 4.1 | 382 | 0.7 | |||
Female | 26,595 | 48.4 | 3725 | 6.8 | 739 | 1.3 | |||
Grade | <0.0001 | <0.9439 | |||||||
High school | 28,961 | 52.7 | 3013 | 5.5 | 592 | 1.1 | |||
Middle school | 25,987 | 47.3 | 2966 | 5.4 | 529 | 1.0 | |||
Academic achievement | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
High | 18,217 | 33.2 | 2486 | 4.5 | 531 | 1.0 | |||
Moderate | 16,585 | 30.2 | 1551 | 2.8 | 271 | 0.5 | |||
Low | 20,146 | 36.7 | 1942 | 3.5 | 319 | 0.6 | |||
Household income | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
High | 7212 | 13.1 | 1332 | 2.4 | 292 | 0.5 | |||
Average | 26,397 | 48.0 | 2639 | 4.8 | 447 | 0.8 | |||
Low | 21,339 | 38.8 | 2008 | 3.7 | 382 | 0.7 | |||
Residential type | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
Lives with parents | 52,332 | 95.2 | 5594 | 10.2 | 1011 | 1.8 | |||
Lives without parents | 2616 | 4.8 | 385 | 0.7 | 110 | 0.2 | |||
Sleep satisfaction | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
Satisfied | 16,824 | 30.6 | 974 | 1.8 | 188 | 0.3 | |||
Moderate | 18,656 | 34.0 | 1788 | 3.3 | 302 | 0.5 | |||
Unsatisfied | 19,468 | 35.4 | 3217 | 5.9 | 631 | 1.1 | |||
Fast food | <0.0001 | <0.0024 | |||||||
≤2 times/week | 41,292 | 75.1 | 4268 | 7.8 | 799 | 1.5 | |||
≥3 times/week | 13,656 | 24.9 | 1711 | 3.1 | 322 | 0.6 | |||
Physical activity | <0.0066 | <0.0403 | |||||||
≤2 days a week | 37,241 | 67.8 | 4145 | 7.5 | 728 | 1.3 | |||
≥3 days a week | 17,707 | 32.2 | 1834 | 3.3 | 393 | 0.7 | |||
Lifetime smoking experience | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
Never | 48,867 | 88.9 | 4773 | 8.7 | 769 | 1.4 | |||
Ever | 6081 | 11.1 | 1206 | 2.2 | 352 | 0.6 | |||
Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Never | 49,056 | 89.3 | 4809 | 8.8 | 796 | 1.4 | |||
Ever | 5892 | 10.7 | 1170 | 2.1 | 325 | 0.6 |
Variables | Suicide Ideation | Suicide Attempt | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Smartphone addiction | |||||
General user group | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Potential-risk user group | 1.50 | 1.41–1.60 | 1.10 | 0.96–1.27 | |
High-risk user group | 2.49 | 2.21–2.81 | 1.87 | 1.48–2.37 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | |||||
Female | 1.88 | 1.77–1.99 | 2.42 | 2.12–2.77 | |
Grade | |||||
High school | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Middle school | 1.21 | 1.15–1.29 | 1.60 | 1.41–1.82 | |
Academic achievement | |||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Moderate | 0.93 | 0.87–1.00 | 1.05 | 0.89–1.24 | |
Low | 1.16 | 1.08–1.24 | 1.42 | 1.22–1.65 | |
Household income | |||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Average | 1.00 | 0.94–1.06 | 0.88 | 0.76–1.01 | |
Low | 1.78 | 1.65–1.93 | 1.71 | 1.45–2.02 | |
Residential type | |||||
Lives with parents | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Lives without parents | 1.36 | 1.21–1.53 | 2.13 | 1.72–2.63 | |
Sleep satisfaction | |||||
Satisfied | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Moderate | 1.54 | 1.42–1.68 | 1.24 | 1.03–1.50 | |
Unsatisfied | 2.52 | 2.34–2.73 | 2.14 | 1.81–2.54 | |
Fast food | |||||
≤2 times/week | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
≥3 times/week | 1.09 | 1.02–1.16 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | |
Physical activity | |||||
≤2 days a week | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
≥3 days a week | 0.91 | 0.85–0.97 | 0.77 | 0.67–0.87 | |
Lifetime smoking experience | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Ever | 1.83 | 1.69–1.99 | 2.86 | 2.45–3.35 | |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
Never | |||||
Ever | 1.62 | 1.49–1.76 | 2.11 | 1.80–2.47 |
Variables | Suicide Ideation | Suicide Attempt | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General User Group | Potential-Risk User Group | High-Risk User Group | General User Group | Potential-Risk User Group | High-Risk User Group | |||||
OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | OR | 95% CI | 95% CI | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.49 | 1.35–1.65 | 2.75 | 2.23–3.39 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.74–1.25 | 1.68–3.82 | |
Female | 1.00 | 1.49 | 1.38–1.62 | 2.35 | 2.03–2.73 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 0.97–1.36 | 1.22–2.15 | |
Academic achievement | ||||||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.43 | 1.30–1.58 | 2.26 | 1.91–2.68 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 0.88–1.32 | 1.28–2.38 | |
Moderate | 1.00 | 1.57 | 1.39–1.77 | 3.03 | 2.36–3.90 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 0.82–1.45 | 1.32–3.70 | |
Low | 1.00 | 1.51 | 1.35–1.69 | 2.48 | 1.96–3.14 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.86–1.48 | 1.17–3.10 | |
Residential type | ||||||||||
Lives with parents | 1.00 | 1.51 | 1.42–1.61 | 2.48 | 2.19–2.81 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 0.96–1.28 | 1.34–2.22 | |
Lives without parents | 1.00 | 1.31 | 0.99–1.73 | 2.62 | 1.56–4.40 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.66–1.84 | 1.68–6.89 |
Variables | Suicide Ideation | Suicide Attempt | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||
OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | OR | 95% CI | |
Smartphone over dependence statement | ||||||
It fails every time you reduce the smartphone hours | 1.00 | 1.26 | 1.19–1.33 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.07 |
It is difficult to control the usage time of smartphone | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.18–1.32 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.78–1.00 |
It is difficult to keep proper smartphone usage time | 1.00 | 1.28 | 1.21–1.36 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.83–1.06 |
It is hard to focus on other things if you have a smartphone next to you | 1.00 | 1.39 | 1.32–1.47 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.89–1.14 |
Thinking of smartphone does not leave your head | 1.00 | 1.70 | 1.58–1.83 | 1.00 | 1.40 | 1.20–1.63 |
I strongly desire to use smartphone | 1.00 | 1.66 | 1.56–1.77 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 1.14–1.50 |
I have problems with my health because of smartphone use | 1.00 | 1.57 | 1.46–1.69 | 1.00 | 1.65 | 1.42–1.90 |
I have a hard time with my family because of smartphone use | 1.00 | 2.08 | 1.96–2.21 | 1.00 | 1.87 | 1.65–2.13 |
Due to the use of smartphones, I have experienced severe conflicts in friends, colleagues, and social relationships | 1.00 | 2.42 | 2.18–2.69 | 1.00 | 2.45 | 2.03–2.95 |
Due to the smartphone, there are difficulties in performing tasks (such as study or work) | 1.00 | 1.62 | 1.53–1.73 | 1.00 | 1.35 | 1.18–1.55 |
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Shinetsetseg, O.; Jung, Y.H.; Park, Y.S.; Park, E.-C.; Jang, S.-Y. Association between Smartphone Addiction and Suicide. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811600
Shinetsetseg O, Jung YH, Park YS, Park E-C, Jang S-Y. Association between Smartphone Addiction and Suicide. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811600
Chicago/Turabian StyleShinetsetseg, Oyuntuya, Yun Hwa Jung, Yu Shin Park, Eun-Cheol Park, and Suk-Yong Jang. 2022. "Association between Smartphone Addiction and Suicide" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811600