Tokophobia and Anxiety in Pregnant Women during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Aim of the Study
- The assessment of the severity of tokophobia in the study group;
- The assessment of state and trait anxiety in the study group;
- The assessment of the influence of sociodemographic factors such as age, level of education, medical education, place of residence, location at which delivery took place, occupational activity and financial status on the severity of tokophobia and situational anxiety evaluated on the STAI scale;
- The assessment of correlations between the duration of the pandemic and the level of tokophobia and state anxiety.
2.2. Research Hypotheses
- The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic increases the level of anxiety in women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy;
- Sociodemographic factors influence the level of tokophobia in pregnant women;
- The duration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic influences the level of tokophobia in women.
2.3. Material
- Consent to participate in the study;
- Women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (27–41 weeks of gestation);
- No psychiatric diseases.
- No consent to participate in the study;
- Women in the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy;
- Women treated for psychiatric diseases.
2.4. Method
2.4.1. The Purposely Designed Questionnaire
2.4.2. Labor Anxiety Questionnaire (KLPII)
- From 14 to 15 points—elevated level of tokophobia;
- From 16 to 17 points—high level of tokophobia;
- From 18 to 27 points—very high level of tokophobia.
2.4.3. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI
- From 1 to 3 sten scores—low state anxiety and trait anxiety;
- From 4 to 7 sten scores—moderate state anxiety and trait anxiety;
- From 8 to 10 sten scores—high state anxiety and trait anxiety.
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Group
3.2. Anxiety Assessment
3.2.1. Labor Anxiety Questionnaire (KLPII)
3.2.2. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations of the Study
4.2. Strengths of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | N = Number of Subjects | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Marital status | Married Domestic partnership | 228 87 | 72.4% 27.6% |
Education | Tertiary Secondary Vocational Primary | 184 109 17 5 | 58.4% 34.6% 5.4% 1.6% |
Place of residence | Village Town <10,000 inhabit. Big town >10,000<100,000 inhabit. City >100,000 inhabit. City >500,000 inhabit. | 94 28 80 57 56 | 29.8% 8.9% 25.4% 18.1% 17.8% |
Financial status of the family | Very good Good Average Poor | 43 180 88 2 | 13.8% 57.1% 27.9% 0.6% |
Professional activity | Yes No | 107 208 | 34.0% 66% |
Data | N = Number of Subjects | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of children | 0 1 2 3 | 215 64 31 5 | 68.2% 20.3% 9.8% 1.6% |
History of miscarriage | Yes No | 55 260 | 17.2% 82.5% |
Present pregnancy risks | Yes No | 21 295 | 6.7% 93.7% |
Regular gynecological appointments during pregnancy | Yes No | 301 14 | 95.6% 4.4% |
Levels of Tokophobia | n | % | Chi2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low and moderate level of tokophobia | 50 | 15.9% | 19.387 | <0.001 * |
Elevated level of tokophobia | 78 | 24.8% | ||
High level of tokophobia | 105 | 33.3% | ||
Very high level of tokophobia | 82 | 26.0% |
The Level of State Anxiety | n | % | Chi2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low levels of state anxiety | 34 | 10.8% | 82.533 | <0.001 * |
Moderate levels of state anxiety | 117 | 37.1% | ||
High levels of state anxiety | 164 | 52.1% |
Variable | Level of Tokophobia | Mean | F Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Low and moderate level of tokophobia | 29 | 2.952 | 0.033 * |
Elevated level of tokophobia | 29 | |||
High level of tokophobia | 27 | |||
Very high level of tokophobia | 27 |
Financial Status | Low | Moderate | High | Chi2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Very good | 13 | 38.2% | 13 | 11.2% | 17 | 10.4% | 26.755 | <0.001 * |
Good | 17 | 50.0% | 74 | 63.2% | 89 | 54.3% | ||
Average | 4 | 11.8% | 30 | 25.6% | 54 | 32.9% | ||
Poor | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 1.2% | ||
Very poor | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 1.2% |
Level of Tokophobia | May | October | Chi2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Low and moderate levels of tokophobia | 46 | 17.8% | 4 | 7.0% | 8.286 | 0.04 * |
Elevated levels of tokophobia | 58 | 22.5% | 20 | 35.1% | ||
High levels of tokophobia | 90 | 34.9% | 15 | 26.3% | ||
Very high levels of tokophobia | 64 | 24.8% | 18 | 31.6% |
SITUATIONAL Anxiety | May | October | Chi2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Low anxiety | 29 | 11.2% | 5 | 8.8% | 18.709 | <0.001 * |
Moderate anxiety | 109 | 42.2% | 8 | 14.0% | ||
High anxiety | 120 | 46.5% | 44 | 77.2% |
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Makara-Studzińska, M.; Zaręba, K.; Kawa, N.; Matuszyk, D. Tokophobia and Anxiety in Pregnant Women during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020714
Makara-Studzińska M, Zaręba K, Kawa N, Matuszyk D. Tokophobia and Anxiety in Pregnant Women during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020714
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakara-Studzińska, Marta, Kornelia Zaręba, Natalia Kawa, and Dorota Matuszyk. 2022. "Tokophobia and Anxiety in Pregnant Women during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020714