Effects of the Interaction between Affective Temperaments and BIS/BAS on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Demographic Data
3. Assessments
3.1. Depressive Symptoms
3.1.1. Affective Temperaments
3.1.2. Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System
3.2. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Characteristics
4.2. Correlations between Measures
4.3. Moderation Analysis (N = 90)
5. Discussion
- Owing to the cross-sectional design of the study, we could not determine the causal relationships among the variables.
- Because our sample included twice as many men as women and was recruited in a tertiary care setting, the generalizability of our findings to all individuals with MDD may be restricted.
- All the study participants were adults, thereby preventing generalization to individuals under the age of 20 years.
- Memory bias could have influenced the results of the self-reported assessments used in this study. Although most questions in these assessments were regarding the last few weeks or days, negative autobiographical memories caused by depression may have influenced the results of the questionnaires used in this study.
- The effects of medication on the results were not considered.
- The present study was conducted in Japan. Hence, generalizability to other countries may be limited.
- This study lacked information regarding genes associated with MDD [48].
- A previous study suggested that affective temperament and BIS/BAS are complementary but distinct entities [25]. Neuroticism may exhibit confounding effects on the relationship between BIS/BAS–AT–depression and between BIS–AT–depression [25]. However, we did not assess neuroticism in the present study. Hence, the regression models could not be extended, which could constitute a limitation of this study.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Mean (SD) or N (%) |
---|---|
Age, mean | 46.19 (10.73) |
Sex (male/female), n | 60/30 (66.67/33.33) |
Married, n | 56 (62.22) |
Years of education, mean | 13.91 (2.43) |
Currently employed, n | 61 (67.78) |
Familial psychiatric history, n | 34 (37.78) |
Type (single episode/recurrent), n | 40/50 (44.44/55.56) |
Scale | Mean (SD) |
PHQ-9 | 9.77 (6.84) |
TEMPS-A | |
DepT | 1.49 (0.21) |
CycT | 1.29 (0.23) |
HypT | 1.18 (0.17) |
IrrT | 1.18 (0.16) |
AnxT | 1.39 (0.25) |
BIS | 20.77 (5.13) |
BAS total | 32.62 (7.45) |
BAS–D | 9.97 (2.95) |
BAS–RR | 14.10 (3.13) |
BAS–FS | 8.49 (2.51) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PHQ-9 | — | |||||||||
2. DepT | 0.47 *** | — | ||||||||
3. CycT | 0.35 * | 0.41 ** | — | |||||||
4. HypT | −0.08 | −0.09 | 0.06 | — | ||||||
5. IrrT | 0.45 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.60 *** | −0.06 | — | |||||
6. AnxT | 0.50 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.60 *** | −0.15 | 0.68 *** | — | ||||
7. BIS | 0.43 ** | 0.54 *** | 0.40 ** | −0.23 | 0.41 ** | 0.57 *** | — | |||
8. BAS total | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.44 ** | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.20 | — | ||
9. BAS–D | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.39 ** | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.87 *** | — | |
10. BAS–RR | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.35 * | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.88 *** | 0.64 *** | — |
11. BAS–FS | 0.12 | −0.01 | 0.22 | 0.42 ** | 0.16 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.83 *** | 0.58 *** | 0.60 *** |
Dependent Factor: PHQ-9 Score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affective Temperaments | |||||
Independent variables | DepT | CycT | HypT | IrrT | AnxT |
TEMPS-A score | 0.319 ** | 0.197 | −0.005 | 0.315 ** | 0.370 ** |
BIS | 0.300 ** | 0.358 ** | 0.439 *** | 0.308 ** | 0.254 * |
Interaction | 0.199 * | 0.014 | −0.075 | 0.044 | 0.134 |
ΔR2 | 0.038 * | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.017 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.280 | 0.197 | 0.166 | 0.254 | 0.276 |
DepT | CycT | HypT | IrrT | AnxT | |
TEMPS-A score | 0.484 *** | 0.341 ** | −0.174 | 0.456 *** | 0.498 *** |
BAS total | 0.055 | 0.025 | 0.166 | 0.024 | 0.047 |
Interaction | 0.126 | −0.008 | 0.046 | 0.081 | 0.022 |
ΔR2 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.209 | 0.089 | −0.006 | 0.180 | 0.226 |
DepT | CycT | HypT | IrrT | AnxT | |
TEMPS-A score | 0.470 *** | 0.344 ** | −0.146 | 0.457 *** | 0.502 *** |
BAS–D | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.096 | −0.029 | 0.011 |
Interaction | 0.107 | 0.009 | 0.071 | 0.077 | 0.044 |
ΔR2 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.204 | 0.089 | −0.018 | 0.179 | 0.226 |
DepT | CycT | HypT | IrrT | AnxT | |
TEMPS-A score | 0.493 *** | 0.341 ** | −0.109 | 0.462 *** | 0.508 *** |
BAS–RR | 0.010 | 0.023 | 0.124 | 0.049 | 0.022 |
Interaction | 0.102 | 0.002 | −0.026 | 0.095 | 0.043 |
ΔR2 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.202 | 0.089 | −0.013 | 0.185 | 0.226 |
DepT | CycT | HypT | IrrT | AnxT | |
TEMPS-A score | 0.493 *** | 0.344 ** | −0.181 | 0.450 *** | 0.496 *** |
BAS–FS | 0.141 | 0.034 | 0.182 | 0.057 | 0.102 |
Interaction | 0.143 | −0.038 | 0.053 | 0.074 | −0.013 |
ΔR2 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.227 | 0.092 | 0.002 | 0.180 | 0.235 |
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Toyoshima, K.; Masuya, J.; Ono, M.; Honyashiki, M.; Hashimoto, S.; Kusumi, I.; Inoue, T. Effects of the Interaction between Affective Temperaments and BIS/BAS on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315841
Toyoshima K, Masuya J, Ono M, Honyashiki M, Hashimoto S, Kusumi I, Inoue T. Effects of the Interaction between Affective Temperaments and BIS/BAS on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315841
Chicago/Turabian StyleToyoshima, Kuniyoshi, Jiro Masuya, Miki Ono, Mina Honyashiki, Shogo Hashimoto, Ichiro Kusumi, and Takeshi Inoue. 2022. "Effects of the Interaction between Affective Temperaments and BIS/BAS on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315841