Changes in the Lifestyle of the Spanish University Population during Confinement for COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Participants and Study Design
2.2. Instrument and Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Sample Population
3.2. Confinement Effect on Dietary and Physical Activity Behavior
3.3. Adherence to the MD (MEDAS-14) during Confinement
3.4. Emotional Eater Behavior during Confinement
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total N = 168 (100%; CI) | Students N = 129 (76.8%; CI) | UE N = 39 (23.2%; CI) | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Women | 112 (66.7%; 58.9–73.7) | 92 (71.3%; 62.6–78.9) | 20 (51.3%; 34.7–67.5) | <0.05 | |
Men | 56 (33.3%; 26.2–41.0) | 37 (28.7%; 21.0–37.3) | 19 (48.7%; 32.4–65.2) | ||
Birthplace | |||||
Spain | 133 (79.2%; 72.2–85.0) | 99 (76.7%; 68.4–83.7) | 34 (87.2%; 72.5–95.7) | <0.05 | |
Latin America | 28 (16.7%; 11.3–23.1) | 26 (20.2%; 13.6–28.1) | 2 (5.1%; 0.6–17.3) | ||
Europe | 4 (2.4%; 0.6–5.9) | 1 (0.8%; 0.0–4.2) | 3 (7.7%; 1.6–20.8) | ||
Others | 3 (1.8%; 0.3–5.1) | 3 (2.3%; 0.4–6.6) | 0 (0%) | ||
Place of Residence | |||||
Family home | 128 (76.2%; 69.0–82.4) | 97 (75.2%; 66.8–82.3) | 31 (79.5%; 63.5–90.7) | 0.081 | |
Shared flat | 19 (11.3%; 6.9–17.0) | 16 (12.4%; 7.2–19.3) | 3 (7.7%; 1.6–20.8) | ||
Student residence | 10 (6%; 2.8–10.6) | 10 (7.8%; 3.7–13.7) | 0 (0%) | ||
Alone | 11 (6.5%; 3.3–11.4) | 6 (4.7%; 1.7–9.8) | 5 (12.8%; 4.2–27.4) | ||
Age Range | |||||
<20 years | 54 (32.1%; 25.1–39.7) | 54 (41.9%; 33.2–50.8) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | |
21–35 years | 80 (47.6%; 39.8–55.4) | 73 (56.6%; 47.5–65.2) | 7 (17.9%; 7.5–33.5) | ||
>36 years | 34 (20.2%; 14.4–27.1) | 2 (1.6%; 0.1–5.4) | 32 (82.1%; 66.4–92.4) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) 3 | |||||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 12 (7.1%; 3.7–12.1) | 12 (9.3%; 4.9–15.6) | 0 (0%) | <0.05 | |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 111 (66.1%; 58.3–73.1) | 90 (69.8%; 61.0–77.5) | 21 (53.8%; 37.1–69.9) | ||
Pre-obesity (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 36 (21.4%; 15.4–28.4) | 22 (17.1%; 11.0–24.6) | 14 (35.9%; 21.2–52.8) | ||
Obesity class I and II (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 9 (5.4%; 2.4–9.9) | 5 (3.9%; 1.2–8.8) | 4 (10.3%; 2.8–24.2) |
Total N = 168 (100%; CI) | Students N = 129 (76.8%; CI) | UE 1 N = 39 (23.2%; CI) | p-Value 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
During confinement, the consumption of vegetables? | ||||
Has increased | 69 (41.1%; 33.5–48.9) | 59 (45.7%; 36.9–54.7) | 10 (25.6%; 13.0–42.1) | 0.062 |
Has decreased | 14 (8.3%; 4.6–13.5) | 11 (8.5%; 4.3–14.7) | 3 (7.7%; 1.6–20.8) | |
Has stayed the same | 85 (50.6%; 42.7–58.3) | 59 (45.7%; 36.9–54.7) | 26 (66.7%; 49.7–80.9) | |
During confinement, the consumption of dairy products? | ||||
Has increased | 43 (25.6%; 19.1–32.8) | 35 (27.1%; 19.6–35.6) | 8 (20.5%; 9.2–36.4) | <0.05 |
Has decreased | 21 (12.5%; 7.9–18.4) | 20 (15.5%; 9.7–22.9) | 1 (2.6%; 0.0–13.4) | |
Has stayed the same | 104 (61.9%; 54.1–69.2) | 74 (57.4%; 48.3–66.0) | 30 (76.9%; 60.6–88.8) | |
During confinement, the consumption of pastries and snacks? | ||||
Has increased | 36 (21.4%; 15.4–28.4) | 31 (24%; 16.9–32.3) | 5 (12.8%; 4.2–27.4) | <0.01 |
Has decreased | 51 (30.4%; 23.5–37.9) | 45 (34.9%; 26.7–43.7) | 6 (15.4%; 5.8–30.5) | |
Has stayed the same | 81 (48.2%; 40.4–56.0) | 53 (41.1%; 32.5–50.0) | 28 (71.8%; 55.1–84.9) | |
During confinement, the consumption of low alcohol drinks (wine and beer)? | ||||
Has increased | 18 (10.7%; 6.4–16.4) | 9 (7%; 3.2–12.8) | 9 (23%; 11.1–39.3) | <0.001 |
Has decreased | 101 (60.1%; 52.2–67.5) | 87 (67.4%; 58.6–75.4) | 14 (35.9%; 21.2–52.8) | |
Has stayed the same | 49 (29.2%; 22.4–36.6) | 33 (25.6%; 18.3–34.0) | 16 (41%; 25.5–57.9) | |
During confinement, your physical activity? | ||||
Has increased | 61 (36.3%; 29.0–44.0) | 52 (40.3%; 31.7–49.3) | 9 (23.1%; 11.1–39.3) | <0.05 |
Has decreased | 83 (49.4%; 41.6–57.2) | 57 (44.2%; 35.4–53.1) | 26 (66.7%; 49.7–80.9) | |
Has stayed the same | 24 (14.3%; 9.3–20.5) | 20 (15.5%; 9.7–22.9) | 4 (10.3%; 2.8–24.2) |
Total N = 168 (100%; CI) | Women N = 112 (66.6%; CI) | Men N = 56 (33.3%; CI) | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
How many times do you do the grocery shopping per week? | ||||
1 time or less per week | 129 (76.8%; 69.6–82.9) | 92 (82.1%; 73.7–88.7) | 37 (66.1%; 52.1–78.1) | <0.05 |
2 times or more per week | 39 (23.2%; 17.0–30.3) | 20 (17.9%; 11.2–26.2) | 19 (33.9%; 21.8–47.8) | |
During confinement, the consumption of fish/seafood? | ||||
Has increased | 39 (23.2%; 17.0–30.3) | 32 (28.6%; 20.4–37.8) | 7 (12.7%; 5.1–24.0) | <0.05 |
Has decreased | 32 (19%; 13.4–25.8) | 18 (16.1%; 9.8–24.2) | 14 (25%; 14.3–38.3) | |
Has stayed the same | 97 (57.7%; 49.8–65.3) | 62 (55.4%; 45.6–64.7) | 35 (62.5%; 48.5–75.0) | |
Have you increased the number of meals these days? | ||||
Has increased | 62 (36.9%; 29.6–44.6) | 48 (42.9%; 33.5–52.5) | 14 (25%; 14.3–38.3) | 0.077 |
Has decreased | 84 (50%; 42.2–57.7) | 51 (45.5%; 36.0–55.2) | 33 (58.9%; 44.9–71.9) | |
Has stayed the same | 22 (13.1%; 8.3–19.1) | 13 (11.6%; 6.3–19.0) | 9 (16.1%; 7.6–28.3) |
Total N = 168 (100%; CI) | Low N = 35 (20.8%; CI) | Medium/High N = 133 (79.2%; CI) | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Women | 112 (66.7%; 58.9–73.7) | 25 (22.3%; 14.9–31.1) | 87 (77.6%; 68.8–85.0) | 0.502 | |
Men | 56 (33.3%; 26.2–41.0%) | 10 (17.8%; 8.9–30.3) | 46 (82.1%; 69.6–91.0) | ||
Birthplace | |||||
Spain | 133 (79.2%; 72.2–85.0) | 21 (15.7%; 10.0–23.1) | 112 (84.2%; 76.8–89.9) | <0.05 | |
Other Countries | 35 (20.8%; 14.9–27.7) | 14 (40%; 23.8–57.8) | 21 (60%; 42.1–76.1) | ||
Students and university staff | |||||
Students | 129 (76.8%; 69.6–82.9) | 26 (20.1%; 13.6–28.1) | 103 (79.8%; 71.8–86.3) | 0.694 | |
UE 2 | 39 (23.2%; 17.0–30.3) | 9 (23.0%; 11.1–39.3) | 30 (76.9%; 60.6–88.8) | ||
Place of Residence | |||||
Family home | 128 (76.2%; 69.0–82.4) | 22 (17.1%; 11.0–24.8) | 106 (82.8%; 75.1–88.9) | <0.05 | |
Non-family home (shared flat and student residence) | 40 (23.8%; 17.5–30.9) | 13 (32.5%; 18.5–49.1) | 27 (67.5%; 50.8–81.4) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) 3 | |||||
Under/Normalweight (<18.5–24.9 g/m2) | 123 (73.2%; 65.8–79.7) | 23 (18.6%; 12.2–26.7) | 100 (81.3%; 73.2–87.7) | 0.260 | |
Pre-obesity/Obesity (25–39.9 kg/m2) | 45 (26.8%;20.2–34.1) | 12 (26.6%; 14.6–41.9) | 33 (73.3%; 58.0–85.3) |
Total N = 129 (100%; CI) | Low N = 26 (20.2%; CI) | Medium/High N = 103 (79.8%; CI) | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree | |||||
Human Nutrition | 25 (19.4%; 12.9–27.2) | 1 (4.0%; 0.1–20.3) | 24 (96%; 79.6–99.8) | <0.05 | |
Other degrees | 104 (80.6%; 72.7–87.0) | 25 (24.0%; 16.2–33.4) | 79 (75.9%; 66.5–83.8) | ||
Faculty | |||||
Health Sciences | 85 (65.9%; 57.0–74.0) | 17 (20%; 12.1–30.0) | 68 (80%; 69.9–87.8) | 0.951 | |
Other faculties | 44 (34.1%; 25.9–42.9) | 9 (20.4%; 9.8–35.3) | 35 (79.5%; 64.6–90.1) |
Total N = 168 (100%; CI) | Non-Emotional/ Low Emotional Eater N = 122 (72.6%; CI) | Emotional/ Very Emotional Eater N = 46 (27.4%; CI) | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Women | 112 (66.7%; 58.9–73.7) | 72 (64.2%; 54.6–73.1) | 40 (35.7%; 26.8–45.3) | <0.01 | |
Men | 56 (33.3%; 26.2–41.0%) | 50 (89.2%; 78.1–95.9) | 6 (10.7%; 4.0–21.8) | ||
Birthplace | |||||
Spain | 133 (79.2%; 72.2–85.0) | 101 (75.9%; 67.7–82.9) | 32 (24.0%; 17.0–32.2) | 0.060 | |
Other Countries | 35 (20.8%; 14.9–27.7) | 21 (60%; 42.1–76.1) | 14 (40%; 23.8–57.8) | ||
Students and university staff | |||||
Students | 129 (76.8%; 69.6–82.9) | 91 (70.5%; 61.8–78.2) | 38 (29.4%; 21.7–38.1) | 0.272 | |
UE 3 | 39 (23.2%; 17.0–30.3) | 31 (79.4%; 63.5–90.7) | 8 (20.5%; 9.2–36.4) | ||
Place of Residence | |||||
Family home | 128 (76.2%; 69.0–82.4) | 95 (74.2%; 65.7–81.5) | 33 (25.7%; 18.4–34.2) | 0.406 | |
Non-family home (shared flat and student residence) | 40 (23.8%; 17.5–30.9) | 27 (67.5%; 50.8–81.4) | 13 (32.5%; 18.5–49.1) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) 4 | |||||
Under/Normalweight (<18.5–24.9 g/m2) | 123 (73.2%; 65.8–79.7) | 94 (76.4%; 67.9–83.6) | 29 (23.5%; 16.3–32.0) | 0.068 | |
Pre-obesity/Obesity (25–39.9 kg/m2) | 45 (26.8%;20.2–34.1) | 28 (62.2%; 46.5–76.2) | 17 (37.7%; 23.7–53.4) |
Total N = 129 (100%; CI) | Non-Emotional/ Low Emotional Eater N = 91 (70.5%; CI) | Emotional/ Very Emotional Eater N = 38 (29.5%; CI) | p-Value 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree | |||||
Human Nutrition | 25 (19.4%; 12.9–27.2) | 19 (76%; 54.8–906) | 6 (24%; 9.3–45.1) | 0.505 | |
Others | 104 (80.6%; 72.7–87.0) | 72 (69.2%; 59.4–77.9) | 32 (30.7%; 22.0–40.5) | ||
Faculty | |||||
Health Sciences | 84 (65.6%; 56.2–73.2) | 63 (75%; 64.3–83.8) | 22 (26.1%; 17.1–36.9) | 0.216 | |
Others | 44 (34.4%; 25.9–42.9) | 28 (63.6%; 47.7–77.5) | 16 (36.3%; 22.4–52.2) |
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Sumalla-Cano, S.; Forbes-Hernández, T.; Aparicio-Obregón, S.; Crespo, J.; Eléxpuru-Zabaleta, M.; Gracia-Villar, M.; Giampieri, F.; Elío, I. Changes in the Lifestyle of the Spanish University Population during Confinement for COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042210
Sumalla-Cano S, Forbes-Hernández T, Aparicio-Obregón S, Crespo J, Eléxpuru-Zabaleta M, Gracia-Villar M, Giampieri F, Elío I. Changes in the Lifestyle of the Spanish University Population during Confinement for COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042210
Chicago/Turabian StyleSumalla-Cano, Sandra, Tamara Forbes-Hernández, Silvia Aparicio-Obregón, Jorge Crespo, María Eléxpuru-Zabaleta, Mónica Gracia-Villar, Francesca Giampieri, and Iñaki Elío. 2022. "Changes in the Lifestyle of the Spanish University Population during Confinement for COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042210