Asthma-Related Knowledge and Practices among Mothers of Asthmatic Children: A Latent Class Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Whole Sample (n = 438) | Poor Knowledge (n = 112) | Good Knowledge (n = 264) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | ||||
Age, years | 41.8 (5.7) | 41.8 (5.0) | 41.8 (5.6) | 0.904 |
Body mass index category | 0.780 | |||
Underweight | 19 (4.3) | 5 (4.5) | 11 (4.2) | |
Normal | 261 (59.6) | 63 (56.2) | 159 (60.2) | |
Overweight/Obese | 158 (36.1) | 44 (39.3) | 94 (35.6) | |
Upper secondary or higher education | 330 (75.3) | 73 (65.2) | 210 (79.5) | 0.004 |
Asthma history | 93 (21.2) | 19 (17.0) | 55 (20.8) | 0.478 |
Environment | ||||
Number of family members | 4.0 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.9) | 4.0 (0.8) | 0.595 |
Environmental tobacco smoke | 174 (39.7) | 42 (37.5) | 104 (39.4) | 0.817 |
Pet in the child’s home (dog/cat) | 83 (18.9) | 23 (20.5) | 49 (18.6) | 0.669 |
Molds in the child’s bedroom | 102 (23.3) | 29 (25.9) | 59 (22.3) | 0.506 |
Child | ||||
Male gender | 287 (65.5) | 71 (63.4) | 169 (64.0) | 0.907 |
Age, years | 9.1 (2.6) | 9.3 (2.5) | 9.1 (2.6) | 0.460 |
First-born | 250 (57.1) | 61 (54.5) | 158 (59.8) | 0.361 |
Body mass index category | 0.097 | |||
Underweight | 6 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.9) | |
Normal | 203 (46.3) | 45 (40.2) | 128 (48.5) | |
Overweight/Obese | 229 (52.3) | 67 (59.8) | 131 (49.6) | |
Allergic sensitization | 0.323 | |||
Non-sensitized | 81 (18.5) | 25 (22.3) | 45 (17.0) | |
Mono-sensitized | 143 (32.6) | 32 (28.6) | 93 (35.2) | |
Poly-sensitized | 214 (48.9) | 55 (49.1) | 126 (47.7) | |
Allergic rhinitis | 0.445 | |||
No | 177 (40.4) | 52 (46.4) | 105 (39.8) | |
Intermittent | 99 (22.6) | 22 (19.6) | 64 (24.2) | |
Persistent | 162 (37.0) | 38 (33.9) | 95 (36.0) | |
Age at asthma symptom onset, years | 4.1 (3.0) | 4.4 (3.5) | 4.0 (2.9) | 0.511 |
Age at asthma diagnosis, years | 5.8 (3.1) | 6.0 (3.4) | 5.8 (3.0) | 0.879 |
Persistent asthma | 292 (66.7) | 79 (70.5) | 172 (65.2) | 0.340 |
Asthma control status (GINA) | 0.015 | |||
Controlled | 150 (34.2) | 29 (25.9) | 97 (36.7) | |
Partly controlled | 90 (20.5) | 33 (29.5) | 45 (17.0) | |
Uncontrolled | 198 (45.2) | 50 (44.6) | 122 (46.2) | |
Asthma treatment | 0.367 | |||
No treatment | 58 (13.2) | 12 (10.7) | 37 (14.0) | |
As needed | 216 (49.3) | 63 (56.2) | 128 (48.5) | |
Regular for at least 3 months | 164 (37.4) | 37 (33.0) | 99 (37.5) | |
FEV1 % predicted | 94.2 (13.5) | 95.1 (12.8) | 92.8 (13.1) | 0.096 |
FEV1/FVC % predicted | 97.6 (7.5) | 96.4 (7.9) | 98.0 (7.5) | 0.116 |
Asthma attacks, previous 12 months | 0.450 | |||
0 | 102 (23.3) | 68 (25.8) | 23 (20.5) | |
1 | 60 (13.7) | 38 (14.4) | 14 (12.5) | |
>1 | 276 (63.0) | 158 (59.8) | 75 (67.0) | |
ED visits, previous 12 months | 0.122 | |||
0 | 272 (62.1) | 155 (58.7) | 77 (68.8) | |
1 | 104 (23.7) | 69 (26.1) | 19 (17.0) | |
>1 | 62 (14.2) | 40 (15.2) | 16 (14.3) | |
Hospitalizations, previous 12 months | 0.003 | |||
0 | 351 (80.1) | 200 (75.8) | 100 (89.3) | |
1 | 76 (17.4) | 56 (21.2) | 10 (8.9) | |
>1 | 11 (2.5) | 8 (3.0) | 2 (1.8) |
Whole Sample (n = 438) | Poor Knowledge (n = 112) | Good Knowledge (n = 264) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | ||||
Can stopping taking drugs worsen your child asthma? | 253 (57.8) | 28 (25.0) | 200 (75.8) | <0.001 |
Can having a cold worsen your child asthma? | 303 (69.2) | 53 (47.3) | 213 (80.7) | <0.001 |
Can exposure to allergens worsen your child asthma? | 365 (83.3) | 59 (52.7) | 253 (95.8) | <0.001 |
Can cold air worsen your child asthma? | 169 (38.6) | 28 (25.0) | 122 (46.2) | <0.001 |
Can traffic exposure worsen your child asthma? | 257 (58.7) | 4 (3.6) | 232 (87.9) | <0.001 |
Can tobacco smoke exposure worsen your child asthma? | 315 (71.9) | 14 (12.5) | 256 (97.0) | <0.001 |
Could repeated coughing indicate an asthma attack? | 353 (80.6) | 71 (63.4) | 233 (88.3) | <0.001 |
Could chest tightness indicate an asthma attack? | 323 (73.7) | 48 (42.9) | 233 (88.3) | <0.001 |
Could dry cough after exercise indicate an asthma attack? | 253 (57.8) | 26 (23.2) | 201 (76.1) | <0.001 |
Practices | ||||
Have you always avoided your child being exposed to tobacco smoke after his/her asthma diagnosis? | 358 (81.7) | 102 (91.1) | 208 (78.8) | 0.005 |
Have you always avoided your child being exposed to fluffy toys after his/her asthma diagnosis? | 287 (65.5) | 59 (52.7) | 180 (68.2) | 0.005 |
Will you use oral corticosteroids if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 319 (72.8) | 52 (46.4) | 221 (83.7) | <0.001 |
Will you use inhaled corticosteroids if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 157 (35.8) | 19 (17.0) | 120 (45.5) | <0.001 |
Will you use short-acting β2 agonists if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 344 (78.5) | 61 (54.5) | 240 (90.9) | <0.001 |
Will you use antibiotics if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 44 (10.0) | 8 (7.1) | 34 (12.9) | 0.151 |
Will you call the doctor if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 283 (64.6) | 46 (41.1) | 201 (76.1) | <0.001 |
Will you go to the emergency department if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 234 (53.4) | 33 (29.5) | 177 (67.0) | <0.001 |
Will you follow the asthma action plan if your child has an acute asthma attack? | 318 (72.6) | 53 (47.3) | 226 (85.6) | <0.001 |
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Fasola, S.; Malizia, V.; Ferrante, G.; Licari, A.; Montalbano, L.; Cilluffo, G.; La Grutta, S. Asthma-Related Knowledge and Practices among Mothers of Asthmatic Children: A Latent Class Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052539
Fasola S, Malizia V, Ferrante G, Licari A, Montalbano L, Cilluffo G, La Grutta S. Asthma-Related Knowledge and Practices among Mothers of Asthmatic Children: A Latent Class Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052539
Chicago/Turabian StyleFasola, Salvatore, Velia Malizia, Giuliana Ferrante, Amelia Licari, Laura Montalbano, Giovanna Cilluffo, and Stefania La Grutta. 2022. "Asthma-Related Knowledge and Practices among Mothers of Asthmatic Children: A Latent Class Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052539