Effects of 6-Month Square Stepping Exercise Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Competence, Regucalcin, and Body Composition in Older People: Study Protocol for a Randomised Control Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Sample Size Calculation
2.4. Randomization and Blinding
2.5. Participants
2.6. Intervention
2.6.1. Experimental Group
2.6.2. Control Group
2.7. Outcomes and Procedures
2.7.1. Primary Outcomes
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- Balance. One leg-stance and four square steps test will be used to asses static and dynamic balance, respectively.
- ○
- One leg stance. The test consists of standing on one leg for as long as possible (during a maximum lapse of 45 s) while keeping the arms crossed at all times. The test starts when the foot is lifted off the ground and ends when: (1) the arms are uncrossed, (2) the lifted foot touches the ground, (3) when more than 45 s have elapsed. Two variants of this test will be performed, with eyes open (ICC = 0.99) and with eyes closed (ICC = 0.95) [26,27]. Three repetitions of the test shall be performed, and the best time achieved will be recorded.
- ○
- Four square steps test (FSST). Four squares are formed by placing tape on the floor. At the start of the test, participants standing in the first square in front of square number 2 are asked to walk consecutively (1-2-3-4-4-4-3-2-1) without touching the holes and with both feet in contact with the ground. The time required to complete the full cycle will be recorded (ICC = 0.98) [28].
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- Applicability. All the older people who can undertake the suggested training. If any participant is not capable to perform the intervention, the reason should be mentioned.
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- Safety. In the event of any incident, damage, or trouble during the sessions, a record shall be kept and the source of the incident, injury, or problem noted.
2.7.2. Secondary Outcomes
- ○
- ○
- Lower-limb strength. The 30-s Chair Stand Test involves of counting the total of times a participant can stand up entirely from a seated position with their back straight and feet parallel to the floor, not including pushing off with their arms inside 30 s [30] (R = 0.89, CI = 0.79–0.93).
- ○
- Upper-body strength. Arm Curl test consists of lifting a weight as many times as possible (2.3 kg for women and 3.6 kg for men) by flexing and extending the arm for 30 s (R = 0.81, CI = 0.72–0.88). In addition, the handgrip strength test will be executed make use of a digital dynamometer (TKK 5101 Grip-D: Takey, Tokyo, Japan). The participants will perform the test two times (two tries per hand). The greatest value of the two efforts per hand will be taken, and the average of both hands will be treated for the study (ICC = 0.94–0.98) [32].
- ○
- Lower-limb Flexibility. The Chair Sit and Reach Test will be applied (R = 0.95, CI = 0.92–0.97). Participants begin from a seated position with one leg stretched. Then, they slowly tilt forward by gliding their hands down the outstretched leg until they touch (or pass) their toes. The centimetres travelled from the toes will be recorded. One try will be performed for every leg and the average of both legs shall be used for analysis [33].
- ○
- Upper-limb Flexibility. The Back-Scratch Test will be performed. Measures the motion range of the shoulder joint through the distance (or overlapping of) the middle fingers behind the back [34] (R = 0.96, CI = 0.94–0.98).
- ○
- Velocity. The Brisk Walking Test will be employed. This test involves of determining the time needed by each participant to walk 30 m (ICC = 0.93) [35]. Two repetitions shall be performed with 1 min rest in between. The greatest outcome shall be considered for analysis.
- ○
- Agility. The 8-Foot Up-and-Go Test will be applied. It consists of getting up from a chair, walking 8 steps and going around a cone to get back in the chair as quickly as possible (R = 0.95, CI = 0.92–0.97) [30].
2.8. Statistics
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Weeks | Frequency (Days a Week) | Session Time (min) | Difficulty (Level) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1–2 | 2 | 40 | Beginner 1 |
3–4 | 2 | 40 | Beginner 2 | |
2 | 5–6 | 2 | 40 | Intermediate 1 |
7–8 | 2 | 40 | Intermediate 2 | |
3 | 9–10 | 2 | 40 | Intermediate 3 |
11–12 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 1 | |
4 | 13–14 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 2 |
15–16 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 3 | |
5 | 17–18 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 3 |
19–20 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 3 | |
6 | 21–22 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 3 |
23–24 | 2 | 40 | Advanced 3 |
Warm-up (10 min) |
|
Main Part (40 min) |
|
|
|
|
|
Cool-down (10 min) |
|
|
|
Assessment | Baseline | Month 2 | Month 4 | Month 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic data | x | |||
Bodyweight | x | x | x | x |
Height | x | x | x | x |
Regucalcin | x | x | x | x |
Executive function | x | x | x | x |
Physical condition | x | x | x | x |
Balance | x | x | x | x |
Fall risk | x | x | x | x |
Fear of falling | x | x | x | x |
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Franco-García, J.M.; Carlos-Vivas, J.; Pereira-Payo, D.; Adsuar, J.C.; Mendoza-Muñoz, M.; Granado-Sánchez, M.; Pastor-Cisneros, R.; Muñoz-Bermejo, L.; Barrios-Fernández, S.; Nobari, H.; et al. Effects of 6-Month Square Stepping Exercise Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Competence, Regucalcin, and Body Composition in Older People: Study Protocol for a Randomised Control Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053086
Franco-García JM, Carlos-Vivas J, Pereira-Payo D, Adsuar JC, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Granado-Sánchez M, Pastor-Cisneros R, Muñoz-Bermejo L, Barrios-Fernández S, Nobari H, et al. Effects of 6-Month Square Stepping Exercise Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Competence, Regucalcin, and Body Composition in Older People: Study Protocol for a Randomised Control Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):3086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053086
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranco-García, Juan Manuel, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Damián Pereira-Payo, José Carmelo Adsuar, María Mendoza-Muñoz, Manuel Granado-Sánchez, Raquel Pastor-Cisneros, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Sabina Barrios-Fernández, Hadi Nobari, and et al. 2022. "Effects of 6-Month Square Stepping Exercise Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Competence, Regucalcin, and Body Composition in Older People: Study Protocol for a Randomised Control Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 3086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053086