Factors Related to Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Settings
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Methods and Variables
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, and Other Factors
3.2. Quality of Life
3.3. Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and QoL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Categories | N (%)/M ± SD |
---|---|---|
Age | 53.05 ± 10.71 | |
Marital status | Married | 145 (72.5) |
Single | 21 (10.5) | |
Divorced | 15 (7.5) | |
Widowed | 19 (9.5) | |
Education level | No studies | 15 (7.5) |
Elementary school | 59 (34) | |
Middle school | 27 (13.5) | |
High school | 44 (22.0) | |
Higher education | 55 (27.5) | |
Employment situation | Currently in employment | 22 (11) |
Temporary sick leave | 80 (40) | |
Permanent sick leave | 16 (8) | |
Unemployed | 50 (25) | |
Retired | 32 (16) | |
Tumor staging | 0 | 10 (5) |
I | 62 (31) | |
II | 68 (34) | |
III | 33 (16.5) | |
IV | 27 (13.5) | |
Grade | 1 | 34 (17) |
2 | 57 (28.5) | |
3 | 109 (54.5) | |
Molecular subtype | Luminal A/Luminal B HER2 negative-like | 106 (53.0) |
Luminal B HER2 positive-like/HER2-type | 73 (36.5) | |
Triple negative | 21 (10.5) | |
Current situation | Initial treatment | 147 (73.5) |
Relapse | 34 (17) | |
Check-ups | 19 (9.5) | |
Therapy | Neoadjuvant | 22 (11) |
Adjuvant | 178 (89) | |
Menopause | Natural | 83 (41.5) |
Drug-induced menopause | 60 (30) | |
Intervention-induced menopause | 13 (6.5) | |
Reproductive stage | 44 (22) | |
Treatment | Surgery | 159 (79.5) |
Chemotherapy | 172 (76) | |
Radiotherapy | 90 (45) | |
Hormonotherapy | 75 (37.5) | |
Immunotherapy | 42 (21) | |
Treatment combinations | Chemotherapy | 23 (11.5) |
Surgery | 8 (4) | |
Surgery and chemotherapy | 35 (17.5) | |
Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 21 (10.5) | |
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonotherapy | 30 (15) | |
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonotherapy and immunotherapy | 12 (6) | |
Other combinations | 71 (35.5) | |
Surgical treatment | Conservative surgery | 110 (55) |
Uni- or bilateral mastectomy | 49 (24.5) | |
Without surgical treatment | 41 (20.5) | |
Chemotherapy cycles | Chemotherapy cycles < 4 | 72 (41.9) |
Chemotherapy cycles ≥ 4 | 100 (58.1) |
S/A M ± SD | T/A M ± SD | BDI M ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Stage 0 | 11.00 ± 1.32 a | 19.20 ± 11.02 | 9.50 ± 7.15 |
Stage I | 16.24 ± 11.19 a,b | 20.69 ± 9.72 | 9.95 ± 8.72 |
Stage II | 20.68 ± 11.51 a,b | 23.82 ± 9.76 | 9.63 ± 5.92 |
Stage III | 23.30 ± 13.23 b | 24.94 ± 8.89 | 13.24 ± 10.55 |
Stage IV | 19.22 ± 13.26 a,b | 21.67 ± 10.03 | 12.11 ± 9.28 |
p = 0.011 | p = 0.149 | p = 0.220 |
S/A | T/A | BDI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | p | M ± SD | p | M ± SD | p | |||
Treatment | Surgery | No | 18.88 ± 10.50 | 0.917 | 23.24 ± 10.72 | 0.594 | 10.29 ± 9.41 | 0.754 |
Yes | 19.10 ± 12.62 | 22.33 ± 9.55 | 10.75 ± 7.99 | |||||
Radiotherapy | No | 18.03 ± 10.82 | 0.188 | 21.68 ± 9.32 | 0.184 | 10.09 ± 8.71 | 0.288 | |
Yes | 20.31 ± 13.63 | 23.53 ± 10.27 | 11.34 ± 7.71 | |||||
Hormonotherapy | No | 17.87 ± 11.07 | 0.076 | 22.53 ± 9.57 | 0.981 | 10.19 ± 8.18 | 0.308 | |
Yes | 21.03 ± 13.70 | 22.49 ± 10.18 | 11.43 ± 8.43 | |||||
Immunotherapy | No | 18.47 ± 11.93 | 0.192 | 22.39 ± 9.90 | 0.719 | 10.35 ± 8.25 | 0.310 | |
Yes | 21.24 ± 13.03 | 23.00 ± 9.43 | 11.81 ± 8.37 | |||||
Surgical treatment | Surgical treatment: mastectomy | 17.31 ± 12.32 | 0.593 | 21.67 ± 10.98 | 0.661 | 10.29 ± 7.83 | 0.194 | |
Surgical treatment: conservative surgery | 19.90 ± 12.71 | 22.62 ± 8.88 | 10.95 ± 8.09 | |||||
Without surgery | 18.88 ± 10.50 | 23.24 ± 10.72 | 10.29 ± 9.41 | |||||
Chemotherapy cycles | Chemotherapy cycles < 4 | 18.33 ± 11.47 | 0.260 | 21.73 ± 9.81 | 0.126 | 9.53 ± 7.35 | 0.009 | |
Chemotherapy cycles ≥ 4 | 20.37 ± 13.37 | 23.94 ± 9.64 | 12.70 ± 9.46 | |||||
r | p | r | p | r | p | |||
Number of chemotherapy cycles | 0.082 | 0.247 | 0.028 | 0.692 | 0.153 | 0.031 |
EORTC QLQ-C30 | N = 200 |
---|---|
Mean ± SD | |
Global health status/QoL | 63.1 ± 25.1 |
Functional scales | |
Physical functioning (PF) | 78.34 ± 21.83 |
Role functioning (RF) | 77.18 ± 28.12 |
Emotional functioning (EF) | 72.56 ± 23.78 |
Cognitive functioning (CF) | 80.57 ± 27.26 |
Social functioning (SF) | 76.57 ± 26.79 |
Symptom scales/items | |
Fatigue (FA) | 31.23 ± 27.40 |
Nausea and vomiting (NV) | 7.11 ± 17.22 |
Pain (PA) | 28.81 ± 29.25 |
Dyspnea (DY) | 9.98 ± 24.99 |
Insomnia (SL) | 35.81 ± 36.44 |
Appetite loss (AP) | 12.16 ± 23.91 |
Constipation (CO) | 21.49 ± 30.97 |
Diarrhea (DI) | 8.82 ± 20.44 |
Financial difficulties (FI) | 16.82 ± 28.93 |
EORTC QLQ-BR23 | N = 200 |
Mean ± SD | |
Functional scales | |
Body image (BRBI) | 77.03 ± 26.76 |
Sexual functioning (BRSEF) | 80.60 ± 25.31 |
Sexual enjoyment (BRSEE) | 77.33 ± 34.53 |
Future perspective (BRFU) | 53.15 ± 34.60 |
Symptom scales/items | |
Systemic therapy side effects (BRST) | 26.65 ± 20.35 |
Breast symptoms (BRBS) | 18.24 ± 21.59 |
Arm symptoms (BRAS) | 18.09 ± 23.08 |
Upset by hair loss (BRHL) | 20.54 ± 35.14 |
EORTC QLQ-C30 | S/A | T/A | BDI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | |
Global health status/QoL | −0.386 | 0.000 | −0.333 | 0.000 | −0.546 | 0.000 |
Physical functioning (PF) | −0.291 | 0.000 | −0.279 | 0.000 | −0.561 | 0.000 |
Role functioning (RF) | −0.358 | 0.000 | −0.361 | 0.000 | −0.540 | 0.000 |
Emotional functioning (EF) | −0.590 | 0.000 | −0.566 | 0.000 | −0.616 | 0.000 |
Cognitive functioning (CF) | −0.415 | 0.000 | −0.355 | 0.000 | −0.539 | 0.000 |
Social functioning (SF) | −0.296 | 0.000 | −0.317 | 0.000 | −0.476 | 0.000 |
Fatigue (FA) | 0.471 | 0.000 | 0.457 | 0.000 | 0.641 | 0.000 |
Nausea and vomiting (NV) | −0.008 | 0.907 | 0.014 | 0.841 | 0.200 | 0.005 |
Pain (PA) | 0.286 | 0.000 | 0.347 | 0.000 | 0.560 | 0.000 |
Dyspnea (DY) | 0.090 | 0.206 | 0.161 | 0.022 | 0.356 | 0.000 |
Insomnia (SL) | 0.434 | 0.000 | 0.446 | 0.000 | 0.440 | 0.000 |
Appetite loss (AP) | 0.244 | 0.000 | 0.264 | 0.000 | 0.448 | 0.000 |
Constipation (CO) | 0.176 | 0.012 | 0.265 | 0.000 | 0.359 | 0.000 |
Diarrhea (DI) | 0.085 | 0.229 | 0.203 | 0.004 | 0.253 | 0.000 |
Financial difficulties (FI) | 0.245 | 0.000 | 0.283 | 0.000 | 0.336 | 0.000 |
EORTC QLQ-BR23 | S/A | T/A | BDI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | |
Body image (BRBI) | −0.390 | 0.000 | −0.396 | 0.000 | −0.583 | 0.000 |
Sexual functioning (BRSEF) | −0.097 | 0.171 | 0.022 | 0.759 | 0.006 | 0.935 |
Sexual enjoyment (BRSEE) | −0.022 | 0.753 | 0.045 | 0.525 | 0.047 | 0.508 |
Future perspective (BRFU) | −0.385 | 0.000 | −0.453 | 0.000 | −0.327 | 0.000 |
Systemic therapy side effects (BRST) | 0.248 | 0.000 | 0.403 | 0.000 | 0.563 | 0.000 |
Breast symptoms (BRBS) | 0.297 | 0.000 | 0.162 | 0.022 | 0.314 | 0.000 |
Arm symptoms (BRAS) | 0.270 | 0.000 | 0.180 | 0.011 | 0.359 | 0.000 |
Upset by hair loss (BRHL) | 0.227 | 0.000 | 0.163 | 0.021 | 0.242 | 0.001 |
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Cáceres, M.C.; Nadal-Delgado, M.; López-Jurado, C.; Pérez-Civantos, D.; Guerrero-Martín, J.; Durán-Gómez, N. Factors Related to Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063547
Cáceres MC, Nadal-Delgado M, López-Jurado C, Pérez-Civantos D, Guerrero-Martín J, Durán-Gómez N. Factors Related to Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063547
Chicago/Turabian StyleCáceres, Macarena C., Marta Nadal-Delgado, Casimiro López-Jurado, Demetrio Pérez-Civantos, Jorge Guerrero-Martín, and Noelia Durán-Gómez. 2022. "Factors Related to Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063547