The Relationship between Living Arrangements and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: Gender Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Data and Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
2.3.2. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics According to the Type of Living Arrangement
3.2. Differences in Sleep Quality According to the Type of Living Arrangement
3.3. The Effects of Type of Living Arrangement on Sleep Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Categories | Total | Living Alone (n = 830, 17.5%) | Living with Others (n = 3926, 82.5%) | Rao Scott χ2 or t (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or M ± S.E. | n (%) or M ± SD | n (%) or M ± SD | |||
Age | Age (years) | 73.50 ± 0.11 | 74.92 ± 6.70 | 73.32 ± 6.17 | 6.342 (<0.001) |
≥75 <75 | 3099 (66.0) 1657 (34.0) | 473 (57.5) 357 (42.5) | 2626 (67.6) 1300 (32.4) | 28.53 (<0.001) | |
Gender | Male Female | 2029 (45.6) 2727 (54.4) | 157 (21.1) 673 (78.9) | 1872 (50.1) 2054 (49.9) | 260.37 (<0.001) |
Marital status | Married Singled/Divorced/Bereaved | 3225 (69.5) 1531 (30.5) | 0 (0.0) 830 (100) | 3225 (82.3) 701 (17.7) | 1823.55 (<0.001) |
Education status | Illiteracy ≤Elementary school Middle school ≥High school | 406 (7.5) 1603 (32.3) 833 (18.0) 1914 (42.2) | 119 (13.3) 343 (30.9) 127 (18.3) 241 (44.5) | 287 (6.4) 1260 (40.4) 706 (16.4) 1673 (29.9) | 31.851 (<0.001) |
Monthly household income (1$ = 1000 KRW) | <1000 1000–1990 2000–2990 ≥3000 | 809 (16.4) 1300 (26.3) 964 (19.9)1683 (37.4) | 410 (49.9) 286 (34.3) 82 (10.0) 52 (5.8) | 399 (10.3) 1014 (24.8) 882 (21.7) 1631 (43.2) | 308.36 (<0.001) |
Employment status | Unemployed Employed | 3631 (76.7) 1125 (23.3) | 669 (81.2) 161 (18.8) | 2962 (75.8) 964 (24.2) | 10.28 (0.001) |
Self-rated health status | Good Fair Poor | 1322 (27.6) 1998 (42.7) 1436 (29.7) | 177 (19.8) 333 (41.2) 320 (39.0) | 1145 (29.1) 1665 (42.9) 1116 (28.0) | 25.26 (<0.001) |
Hypertension | No Yes | 2070 (44.3) 2686 (55.7) | 345 (40.7) 485 (59.3) | 1725 (45.0) 2201 (55.0) | 4.99 (0.026) |
DM | No Yes | 3761 (79.5) 995 (20.5) | 666 (80.0) 164 (20.0) | 3095 (79.4) 831 (20.6) | 0.14 (0.708) |
BMI | 24.03 ± 0.05 | 24.10 ± 3.46 | 24.05 ± 3.24 | 0.411 (0.680) | |
Perceived stress | Low High | 3946 (83.4) 808 (16.6) | 689 (83.7) 141 (16.3) | 3258 (83.3) 668 (16.7) | 0.08 (0.778) |
Perceived cognitive decline | No Yes | 3284 (69.0) 1472 (31.0) | 534 (63.3) 296 (36.7) | 2750 (70.0) 1176 (30.0) | 13.54 (<0.001) |
Depressive symptoms | Not depressed Depressed (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) | 3841 (80.5) 915 (19.5) | 595 (71.5) 235 (28.5) | 3246 (82.2) 680 (17.8) | 46.45 (<0.001) |
Regular exercise (more than 150 min/week) | Inactive Active | 1332 (28.3) 3424 (71.7) | 267 (32.6) 563 (67.4) | 1065 (27.5) 2861 (72.5) | 7.52 (0.006) |
Current smoking | Non-smoker Smoker | 4357 (91.2) 399 (8.8) | 778 (93.8) 52 (6.2) | 3579 (90.8) 347 (9.2) | 6.16 (0.013) |
Current alcohol drinking | Less than once a month More than once a month | 3252 (66.8) 1504 (33.2) | 645 (77.0) 185 (23.0) | 2607 (65.0) 1319 (35.0) | 41.06 (<0.001) |
Sleep Quality | Living Alone (n = 830, 17.5%) | Living with Others (n = 3926, 82.5%) | Rao Scott χ2 or t (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Global PSQI score | 6.47 ± 3.81 | 5.19 ± 3.38 | 8.942 (<0.001) |
Global PSQI score > 6 | 435 (52.4) | 1434 (36.5) | 62.80 (<0.001) |
PSQI components | |||
Sleep quality | 744 (89.0) | 3448 (87.6) | 0.996 (0.319) |
Sleep latency | 570 (68.6) | 2250 (56.7) | 39.286 (<0.001) |
Seep duration | 563 (68.5) | 2098 (54.8) | 45.452 (<0.001) |
Sleep efficiency | 279 (33.6) | 1117 (28.9) | 7.106 (0.008) |
Sleep disturbances | 746 (90.6) | 3444 (88.5) | 2.909 (0.088) |
Use of sleep pill | 106 (12.3) | 333 (8.2) | 14.255 (<0.001) |
Daytime dysfunction | 310 (35.9) | 1245 (31.5) | 5.338 (0.021) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Type of Living arrangement | ||||
Living alone | 1.300 (1.086–1.555) | 0.004 | 1.276 (1.054–1.545) | 0.013 |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.988 (0.861–1.133) | 0.86 | 1.154 (0.992–1.342) | 0.063 |
Gender (Female) | 1.606 (1.400–1.843) | <0.001 | 1.629 (1.382–1.920) | <0.001 |
Education level | ||||
≥High school | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Middle school | 1.242 (1.033–1.493) | 0.021 | 1.161 (0.949–1.421) | 0.146 |
≤Elementary school | 1.465 (1.238–1733) | <0.001 | 1.213 (1.011–1.457) | 0.038 |
Illiteracy | 1.496 (1.157–1.935) | 0.002 | 1.233 (0.925–1.642) | 0.152 |
Monthly household income | ||||
≥3000 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
2000–2990 | 1.060 (0.893–1.259) | 0.504 | 1.067 (0.886–1.285) | 0.495 |
1000–1990 | 1.051 (0.883–1.250) | 0.577 | 1.057 (0.880–1.270) | 0.554 |
<1000 | 1.459 (1.177–1.809) | 0.001 | 1.155 (0.915–1.458) | 0.225 |
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed | 0.790 (0.672–0.929) | 0.004 | 1.121 (0.945–1.331) | 0.19 |
Self-rated health status | ||||
Good | 1 (Reference) | |||
Fair | 1.371 (1.154–1.636) | <0.001 | ||
Poor | 1.989 (1.616–2.448) | <0.001 | ||
Current smoking (Smoker) | 0.882 (0.685–1.136) | 0.332 | ||
Alcohol drinking (More than once a month) | 0.848 (0.721–0.998) | 0.047 | ||
Regular exercise (Inactive) | 1.278 (1.099–1.486) | 0.001 | ||
Perceived cognitive decline (Yes) | 1.534 (1.330–1.771) | <0.001 | ||
Hypertension (Yes) | 1.031 (0.902–1.178) | 0.656 | ||
Depressive symptoms (Yes) | 4.616 (3.845–5.543) | <0.001 |
Gender | Type of Living Arrangement | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Male (n = 2029) | Living with others | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
Living alone | 1.595 (1.160–2.192) | 0.004 | 1.208 (0.837–1.744) | 0.312 | 1.089 (0.729–1.628) | 0.677 | |
Female (n = 2727) | Living with others | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
Living alone | 1.542 (1.293–1.840) | <0.001 | 1.353 (1.099–1.666) | 0.004 | 1.359 (1.088–1.696) | 0.007 |
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Chu, H.S.; Oh, J.; Lee, K. The Relationship between Living Arrangements and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: Gender Differences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073893
Chu HS, Oh J, Lee K. The Relationship between Living Arrangements and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: Gender Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073893
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Hyeon Sik, Juyeon Oh, and Kounseok Lee. 2022. "The Relationship between Living Arrangements and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: Gender Differences" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073893