Genius Loci of Ancient Village from the Perspective of Tourists Experience: Scale Development and Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. The Ancient Village and the Genius Loci
2.2. Theoretical Foundation of Genius Loci Dimensions of Ancient Villages
2.3. Potential Genius Loci Dimensions of Ancient Villages
2.3.1. Earthbound Atmosphere of the Ancient Village
2.3.2. Architectural Culture of the Ancient Village
2.3.3. Spiritual Homeland of the Ancient Village
Initial Dimensions and Items | Supporting Evidence Sources |
---|---|
Earthbound Atmosphere | |
GLS-1. I felt the heritage of the agriculture civilization | [18,42,43]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
GLS-2. I felt the beautiful natural scenery | [24,43,44,45]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
GLS-3. I felt the country life | [8,24,44]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
GLS-4. I felt the slow life in the quiet environment of the ancient villages | [18,24,45]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
Architectural Culture | |
GLS-5. I enjoyed the harmony between people and nature | [8,42,44]; tourist message board |
GLS-6. I enjoyed the philosophy of geomantic omens in the layout of ancient villages | [8,42,45]; tourist interview |
GLS-7. I enjoyed the acquaintance society of traditional clans of people living together | [23,44,45]; tourist interview |
GLS-8. The ancient dwellings everywhere make me feel the village’s rich history | [46]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
Spiritual Homeland | |
GLS-9. I found the spiritual homeland of my heart | [41,42,44,47]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
GLS-10. I found a place to relax from the pressures of modern life | [41,42]; tourist interview; tourist message board |
GLS-11. I found my ideal homeland to live in | [23,41,45,47]; tourist interview |
GLS-12. I hope to return to and live in the ancient village after retirement | Tourist interview; tourist message board |
3. Scale Development and Validation
3.1. Overview
3.2. Study 1: Scale Development
3.2.1. Specification of Construct Domains and Generation of Items
3.2.2. Pilot Study
3.2.3. Data Collection
3.2.4. Purification of Measures
3.3. Study 2: Scale Validation
3.3.1. Data Collection
3.3.2. Assessment of Reliability and Validity
3.3.3. Criterion-Related Validity
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Theoretical Implications
4.2. Practical Implications
5. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Research Process | Objectives | Results | Destination Survey |
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Phase 1: Literature Review |
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Phase 2: Interviews |
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Phase 3: Message Board |
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Phase 4: Expert Panel |
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Phase 5: Pilot Study |
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Phase 6: Measurement Scale Development |
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Phase 7: Measurement Scale Validation |
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Variable | Category | Distribution, n (%) (n = 214) | Distribution, n (%) (n = 228) |
---|---|---|---|
Birthplace | Country | 102 (47.7%) | 133 (58.3%) |
Urban | 112 (52.3%) | 95 (41.7%) | |
Gender | Male | 114 (53.8%) | 75 (32.9%) |
Female | 98 (46.2%) | 153 (67.1%) | |
Occupation | Government staff | 19 (9.0%) | 17 (7.5%) |
Manager of enterprise | 45 (21.2%) | 23 (10.1%) | |
Worker | 3 (1.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
Service staff | 6 (2.8%) | 8 (3.5%) | |
Peasant | 3 (1.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
Doctor | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
Teacher | 34 (16.0%) | 49 (21.5%) | |
Retired | 12 (5.7%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
Student | 54 (25.5%) | 102 (44.7%) | |
Freelancer | 14 (6.6%) | 8 (3.5%) | |
Other | 20 (9.4%) | 13 (5.7%) | |
Age | <18 | 4 (1.9%) | 3 (1.3%) |
18–35 | 118 (55.4%) | 163 (71.5%) | |
36–45 | 44 (20.7%) | 35 (15.4%) | |
46–60 | 33 (15.5%) | 22 (9.6%) | |
>60 | 14 (6.6%) | 5 (2.2%) | |
Education | Junior high school and below | 7 (3.3%) | 4 (1.8%) |
Senior high school | 15 (7.1%) | 6 (2.6%) | |
Junior college | 29 (13.7%) | 19 (8.3%) | |
Undergraduate | 109 (51.4%) | 125 (54.8%) | |
Postgraduate or above | 52 (24.5%) | 74 (32.5%) | |
Personal Monthly Income (RMB) | ≤3000 | 56 (27.2%) | 97 (42.5%) |
3001–5000 | 24 (11.7%) | 36 (15.8%) | |
5001–7000 | 31 (15.0%) | 28 (12.3%) | |
7001–10,000 | 41 (19.9%) | 37 (16.2%) | |
≥10,001 | 54 (26.2%) | 30 (13.2%) | |
Length of Stay in Ancient Village | One day | 92 (43.2%) | 98 (43.0%) |
Two days | 87 (40.8%) | 73 (32.0%) | |
Three days | 19 (8.9%) | 24 (10.5%) | |
≥Four days | 15 (7.0%) | 33 (14.5%) | |
Number of Visits to Ancient Villages | First time | 113 (53.1%) | 110 (48.2%) |
Second time | 53 (24.9%) | 52 (22.8%) | |
Third time | 26 (12.2%) | 32 (14.0%) | |
Fourth and above time | 20 (9.4%) | 34 (14.9%) |
Factor/Item | Factor Loading | Eigenvalue | Variance Explained (%) | Cumulative Variance Explained (%) | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiritual Homeland | 3.987 | 36.246 | 36.246 | 0.741 | |
GLS-11 | 0.767 | ||||
GLS-9 | 0.733 | ||||
GLS-12 | 0.707 | ||||
GLS-10 | 0.683 | ||||
Architectural Culture | 1.427 | 13.974 | 50.220 | 0.702 | |
GLS-8 | 0.754 | ||||
GLS-7 | 0.749 | ||||
GLS-6 | 0.617 | ||||
GLS-4 | 0.575 | ||||
Earthbound Atmosphere | 1.020 | 10.274 | 60.494 | 0.704 | |
GLS-2 | 0.787 | ||||
GLS-1 | 0.750 | ||||
GLS-3 | 0.730 |
Factor/Item | Factor Loading | t-Value (C.R.) | SMC (R2) | Composite Reliability (CR) | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiritual Homeland | 0.8142 | 0.5271 | |||
GLS-11 | 0.817 | 13.769 | 0.668 | ||
GLS-9 | 0.721 | 11.655 | 0.520 | ||
GLS-12 | 0.566 | 8.596 | 0.320 | ||
GLS-10 | 0.775 | 12.821 | 0.600 | ||
Architectural Culture | 0.7796 | 0.5415 | |||
GLS-8 | 0.758 | 9.528 | 0.433 | ||
GLS-7 | 0.751 | 10.975 | 0.564 | ||
GLS-6 | 0.697 | 8.549 | 0.357 | ||
Earthbound Atmosphere | 0.7855 | 0.5517 | |||
GLS-2 | 0.725 | 8.970 | 0.391 | ||
GLS-1 | 0.829 | 11.863 | 0.688 | ||
GLS-3 | 0.665 | 8.057 | 0.319 |
Earthbound Atmosphere | Architectural Culture | Spiritual Homeland | |
---|---|---|---|
Earthbound Atmosphere | 0.6824 | ||
Architectural Culture | 0.517 | 0.6717 | |
Spiritual Homeland | 0.497 | 0.610 | 0.7260 |
Earthbound Atmosphere | Architectural Culture | Spiritual Homeland | Overall Genius Loci | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Onsite Stickiness | 0.500 ** | 0.492 ** | 0.516 ** | 0.645 ** |
Post-travel Stickiness | 0.437 ** | 0.414 ** | 0.545 ** | 0.608 ** |
CMIN | df | CMIN/df | p-Value | GFI | NFI | TLI | CFI | IFI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-factor Model | 205.830 | 35 | 5.881 | 0.000 | 0.838 | 0.721 | 0.683 | 0.753 | 0.757 | 0.147 |
Two-factor Model | 130.051 | 34 | 3.825 | 0.000 | 0.896 | 0.824 | 0.816 | 0.861 | 0.863 | 0.112 |
Three-factor Model | 65.040 | 32 | 2.032 | 0.000 | 0.950 | 0.912 | 0.933 | 0.952 | 0.953 | 0.067 |
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Jiang, Z.; Lin, D. Genius Loci of Ancient Village from the Perspective of Tourists Experience: Scale Development and Validation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084817
Jiang Z, Lin D. Genius Loci of Ancient Village from the Perspective of Tourists Experience: Scale Development and Validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084817
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Zuoming, and Derong Lin. 2022. "Genius Loci of Ancient Village from the Perspective of Tourists Experience: Scale Development and Validation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084817