Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Children and Adolescents in Rural China: A Large-Scale Epidemiological Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Procedures and Data
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety by Demographic Characteristics
3.3. Correlations of Depression and Anxiety to Academic Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dataset | Date | Location | Grade | Clusters | Obs. | Authorship of the Major Publications | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: Depression | Dataset 1 | 2012 | Nationwide | 10–15 yrs. old | 640 villages/communities | 2679 | Mi Zhou, Guangsheng Zhang, Scott Rozelle, Kaleigh Kenny, and Hao Xue (2018) [21] |
Panel B: Anxiety (MHT) | Dataset 2 | 2012 | Shaanxi | 7 and 8 | 75 schools | 8915 | Huan Wang, Yang Chu, Fei He, Yaojiang Shi, Qinghe Qu, Scott Rozelle, and James Chu (2014) [22] |
Dataset 3 | 2013 | Shaanxi/Gansu | 4 and 5 | 252 schools | 19,363 | Hongyu Guan, Huan Wang, Kang Du, Jin Zhao, Matthew Boswell, Yaojiang Shi, and Yiwei Qian (2018) [23] | |
Dataset 4 | 2013 | Shaanxi | 7 and 8 | 31 schools | 2020 | Jingchun Nie, Qian Zhou, Hong Ouyang, Jiayuan Gao, Lei Tang (2019) [24] | |
Dataset 5 | 2013 | Shanghai/Suzhou | 5 | 94 schools | 4260 | Qiran Zhao, Xiaobing Wang, Scott Rozelle (2019) [25] | |
Panel C: Math Anxiety | Dataset 6 | 2014 | Shaanxi/Gansu | 4 | 103 schools | 3480 | Meichen Lu (2018) [26] |
Dataset 7 | 2015 | Shaanxi/Gansu | 7 | 200 schools | 12,704 |
Panel A Depression | Panel B Anxiety | Panel C Math Anxiety | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dataset 1 (n = 2679) | Combined (n = 34,558) | Dataset 2 (n = 8915) | Dataset 3 (n = 19,363) | Dataset 4 (n = 2020) | Dataset 5 (n = 4260) | Combined (n = 16,184) | Dataset 6 (n = 3474) | Dataset 7 (n = 12,560) | |
Gender (1 = female) | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.49 |
(0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | |
Age (years) | 12.60 | 11.49 | 13.48 | 10.50 | 13.56 | 10.98 | 12.57 | 10.82 | 13.05 |
(1.68) | (1.69) | (1.14) | (0.97) | (1.14) | (0.81) | (1.33) | (0.94) | (0.97) | |
Household wealth above average, mean (SD) | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.27 | -- | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
(0.49) | (0.47) | (0.50) | (0.44) | -- | (0.47) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | |
Mother education is junior high or above, mean (SD) | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.34 |
(0.49) | (0.48) | (0.44) | (0.48) | (0.44) | (0.50) | (0.48) | (0.48) | (0.47) | |
Father education is junior high or above, mean (SD) | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 |
(0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.47) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) |
Mental Health Outcome | Dataset 1 | Combined | Dataset 2 | Dataset 3 | Dataset 4 | Dataset 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: Depression | Depression | 0.20 | |||||
(0.40) | |||||||
Panel B: Anxiety | Generalized anxiety | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | |
(0.24) | (0.27) | (0.22) | (0.24) | (0.23) | |||
Subcategories | |||||||
Learning anxiety | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.60 | ||
(0.49) | (0.48) | (0.50) | (0.48) | (0.49) | |||
Body anxiety | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.18 | ||
(0.40) | (0.41) | (0.39) | (0.43) | (0.38) | |||
Self-blaming anxiety | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.21 | ||
(0.39) | (0.39) | (0.37) | (0.43) | (0.40) | |||
Sensitivity tendency | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.13 | ||
(0.33) | (0.37) | (0.30) | (0.40) | (0.33) | |||
Phobias | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.10 | ||
(0.31) | (0.31) | (0.31) | (0.37) | (0.29) | |||
Social anxiety | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.06 | ||
(0.25) | (0.27) | (0.23) | (0.33) | (0.23) | |||
Impulsive tendency | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.03 | ||
(0.16) | (0.19) | (0.13) | (0.25) | (0.17) | |||
Loneliness | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 | ||
(0.15) | (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.26) | (0.14) | |||
Any anxiety | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.69 | ||
(0.47) | (0.44) | (0.48) | (0.45) | (0.46) |
(1) Gender | (2) Grade | (3) Household Wealth | (4) Maternal Education | (5) Paternal Education | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls | Boys | Diff | Elementary | Jhs 1 | Diff | ≥Avg | <Avg | Diff | ≥Jhs | <Jhs | Diff | ≥Jhs | <Jhs | Diff | |
Depession | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.03 * | 0.19 | 0.21 | −0.02 | 0.17 | 0.23 | −0.06 ** | 0.15 | 0.23 | −0.08 ** | 0.16 | 0.25 | −0.09 ** |
(0.41) | (0.39) | (0.40) | (0.41) | (0.37) | (0.42) | (0.36) | (0.42) | (0.37) | (0.43) | ||||||
Anxiety | |||||||||||||||
Generalized anxiety | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 ** | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.02 ** | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.01 ** | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.01 ** |
(0.25) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.26) | (0.24) | (0.23) | (0.23) | (0.24) | (0.22) | (0.24) | ||||||
Subcategories | |||||||||||||||
Learning anxiety | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.05 ** | 0.57 | 0.64 | −0.07 ** | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.61 | −0.04 ** | 0.58 | 0.60 | −0.02 ** |
(0.48) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.48) | (0.49) | (0.49) | (0.50) | (0.49) | (0.49) | (0.49) | ||||||
Body anxiety | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.01 ** | 0.18 | 0.22 | −0.04 ** | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.20 | −0.02 ** | 0.18 | 0.20 | −0.02 ** |
(0.40) | (0.39) | (0.39) | (0.41) | (0.40) | (0.39) | (0.38) | (0.40) | (0.39) | (0.40) | ||||||
Self-blaming anxiety | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.07 ** | 0.17 | 0.20 | −0.03 ** | 0.17 | 0.18 | −0.01 * | 0.17 | 0.18 | −0.01 * | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.00 |
(0.41) | (0.36) | (0.38) | (0.40) | (0.38) | (0.39) | (0.38) | (0.39) | (0.38) | (0.38) | ||||||
Sensitivity tendency | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.17 | −0.06 ** | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.02 ** | 0.12 | 0.13 | −0.01 | 0.12 | 0.13 | −0.01 |
(0.34) | (0.33) | (0.31) | (0.38) | (0.34) | (0.32) | (0.33) | (0.33) | (0.33) | (0.33) | ||||||
Phobias | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.10 ** | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.01 ** | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.01 ** | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.01 * | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.01 |
(0.36) | (0.24) | (0.31) | (0.32) | (0.30) | (0.31) | (0.30) | (0.31) | (0.30) | (0.31) | ||||||
Social anxiety | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.01 ** | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.03 ** | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.01 ** | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.01 |
(0.26) | (0.24) | (0.23) | (0.29) | (0.25) | (0.24) | (0.24) | (0.25) | (0.24) | (0.25) | ||||||
Impulsive tendency | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02 ** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 ** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
(0.17) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.20) | (0.18) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.16) | ||||||
Loneliness | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01 ** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
(0.14) | (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.18) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.14) | ||||||
Any anxiety | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.06 ** | 0.66 | 0.73 | −0.07 ** | 0.67 | 0.68 | −0.01 | 0.65 | 0.69 | −0.04 ** | 0.66 | 0.69 | −0.03 ** |
(0.45) | (0.48) | (0.48) | (0.45) | (0.47) | (0.47) | (0.48) | (0.46) | (0.47) | (0.46) |
(1) Gender | (2) Grade | (3) Household Wealth | (4) Mother’s Education | (5) Father’s Education | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls | Boys | Diff | Elementary | Jhs 1 | Diff | ≥Avg | <Avg | Diff | ≥Jhs | <Jhs | Diff | ≥Jhs | <Jhs | Diff | |
Math anxiety | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.08 ** | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.08 ** | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.04 ** | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.07 ** | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.07 ** |
(0.65) | (0.65) | (0.63) | (0.65) | (0.65) | (0.65) | (0.65) | (0.65) | (0.65) | (0.64) |
Depression | Generalized Anxiety | Learning Anxiety | Body Anxiety | Self-Blaming Anxiety | Sensitivity Tendency | Phobias | Social Anxiety | Impulsive Tendency | Loneliness | Any Anxiety | Math Anxiety | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scores | −0.317 ** | −0.067 ** | −0.124 ** | −0.155 ** | 0.059 ** | 0.016 | −0.155 ** | −0.057 * | −0.009 ** | −0.244 ** | −0.135 ** | −0.300 ** |
(0.077) | (0.023) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.016) | (0.024) | (0.016) | (0.039) | (0.014) | (0.013) | |
Demographic characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
School fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 2679 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 34,558 | 16,184 |
adj. R-square | 0.089 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.104 |
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Jiang, Q.; She, X.; Dill, S.-E.; Sylvia, S.; Singh, M.K.; Wang, H.; Boswell, M.; Rozelle, S. Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Children and Adolescents in Rural China: A Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095026
Jiang Q, She X, Dill S-E, Sylvia S, Singh MK, Wang H, Boswell M, Rozelle S. Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Children and Adolescents in Rural China: A Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095026
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Qi, Xinshu She, Sarah-Eve Dill, Sean Sylvia, Manpreet Kaur Singh, Huan Wang, Matthew Boswell, and Scott Rozelle. 2022. "Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Children and Adolescents in Rural China: A Large-Scale Epidemiological Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095026