Health-Related Quality of Life According to Sociodemographic Characteristics in the South Korean Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. RAND-36
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristic
3.2. Data Quality
3.3. HRQoL Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, R.; Wu, C.; Zhao, Y.; Yan, X.; Ma, X.; Wu, M.; Liu, W.; Gu, Z.; Zhao, J.; He, J. Health related quality of life measured by SF-36: A population-based study in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health 2008, 8, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bell, M.J.; Bombardier, C.; Tugwell, P. Measurement of functional status, quality of life, and utility in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33, 591–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKenna, S. Book Review: Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials.(1996). B. Spilker (Ed.). Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. Pp xlv+ 1259.£ 114.50. ISBN 0-7817-0332-8 (hardback). J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1997, 7, 425–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ware, J.E. SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Health Inst. 1993, 10, 16–17. [Google Scholar]
- Ohlsson-Nevo, E.; Hiyoshi, A.; Norén, P.; Möller, M.; Karlsson, J. The Swedish RAND-36: Psychometric characteristics and reference data from the Mid-Swed Health Survey. J. Patient-Rep. Outcomes 2021, 5, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Wang, H.; Shen, Y. Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: Translation, cultural adaptation, validation, and normalisation. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2003, 57, 259–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, C.; Lauder, I.; Lam, T.; Gandek, B. Population based norming of the Chinese (HK) version of the SF-36 health survey. Hong Kong Pract. 1999, 1, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Tseng, H.-M.; Lu, J.-f.R.; Gandek, B. Cultural issues in using the SF-36 Health Survey in Asia: Results from Taiwan. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2003, 1, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fukuhara, S.; Ware, J.E., Jr.; Kosinski, M.; Wada, S.; Gandek, B. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity of the Japanese SF-36 Health Survey. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1998, 51, 1045–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarlov, A.R.; Ware, J.E.; Greenfield, S.; Nelson, E.C.; Perrin, E.; Zubkoff, M. The Medical Outcomes Study: An application of methods for monitoring the results of medical care. JAMA 1989, 262, 925–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ware, J.E., Jr.; Sherbourne, C.D. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med. Care 1992, 30, 473–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ware, J.E., Jr. SF-36 health survey update. Spine 2000, 25, 3130–3139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hays, R.D.; Sherbourne, C.D.; Mazel, R.M. The rand 36-item health survey 1.0. Health Econ. 1993, 2, 217–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- HÅvard Loge, J.; Kaasa, S. Short form 36 (SF-36) health survey: Normative data from the general Norwegian population. Scand. J. Soc. Med. 1998, 26, 250–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hays, R.D.; Morales, L.S. The RAND-36 measure of health-related quality of life. Ann. Med. 2001, 33, 350–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavakol, M.; Dennick, R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int. J. Med. Educ. 2011, 2, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fang, J.-Q. Handbook of Medical Statistics; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.: Singapore, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Jin-Ah, J.; Min-Kyung, J.; Nang-Hee, K.; Park, J.; Yong-Ju, L.; Yun, S.; Yoo, H.-Y.; Bo-Eun, K. A Study on Strategies to Strengthen Access to Mental Health Services Centered on Consumers; 8968276560; Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs: Sejong City, Korea, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ferrari, A.J.; Charlson, F.J.; Norman, R.E.; Patten, S.B.; Freedman, G.; Murray, C.J.; Vos, T.; Whiteford, H.A. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013, 10, e1001547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Han, C.-W.; Lee, E.-J.; Iwaya, T.; Kataoka, H.; Kohzuki, M. Development of the Korean version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey: Health related QOL of healthy elderly people and elderly patients in Korea. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2004, 203, 189–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cherepanov, D.; Palta, M.; Fryback, D.G.; Robert, S.A. Gender differences in health-related quality-of-life are partly explained by sociodemographic and socioeconomic variation between adult men and women in the US: Evidence from four US nationally representative data sets. Qual. Life Res. 2010, 19, 1115–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Orfila, F.; Ferrer, M.; Lamarca, R.; Tebe, C.; Domingo-Salvany, A.; Alonso, J. Gender differences in health-related quality of life among the elderly: The role of objective functional capacity and chronic conditions. Soc. Sci. Med. 2006, 63, 2367–2380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sprangers, M.A.; Schwartz, C.E. Integrating response shift into health-related quality of life research: A theoretical model. Soc. Sci. Med. 1999, 48, 1507–1515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Byung-young, P. 2017 Brief Statistics on Korean Education (SM2017-02-02); [KEDI] Research Report; KEDI: Seoul, Korea, 2017; pp. 1–63. [Google Scholar]
- OECD. Health at a Glance 2017: OECD Indicators; OECD: Paris, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
Sociodemographic Factors | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age | 29 or less (years) | 122 (12%) |
30–39 | 197 (20%) | |
40–49 | 302 (30%) | |
50–59 | 264 (26%) | |
60 or more | 117 (12%) | |
Gender | Male | 525(52%) |
Female | 477(48%) | |
Education level | Elementary school education | 45 (4%) |
Middle school education | 47 (5%) | |
High school education | 330 (33%) | |
University education | 580 (58%) | |
Marital status | Single | 184 (18%) |
Married/Cohabitant | 792 (79%) | |
Widows/Widowers | 15 (1%) | |
Divorced/Separated | 11 (1%) | |
Health condition | No disease and current health problem | 525 (52%) |
Past or current disease only | 180 (19%) | |
Current health problem only | 224 (22%) | |
Disease and current health problem | 73 (7%) |
Reliability | Correlation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension | No. of Items | Cronbach’s α | Correlations between Dimensions and Items | PHC | MHC |
PF | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | 0.875 | 0.299–0.756 | 0.577 | 0.380 |
RP | 13, 14, 15, 16 | 0.904 | 0.812–0.869 | 0.707 | 0.452 |
BP | 21, 22 | 0.774 | 0.820–0.945 | 0.648 | 0.397 |
GHP | 1, 33, 34, 35, 36 | 0.785 | 0.612–0.808 | 0.710 | 0.570 |
EF | 23, 27, 29, 31 | 0.369 | 0.618–0.711 | 0.488 | 0.757 |
SF | 20, 32 | 0.989 | 0.761–0.909 | 0.538 | 0.737 |
RE | 17, 18, 19 | 0.878 | 0.865–0.882 | 0.548 | 0.580 |
EWB | 24, 25, 26, 28, 30 | 0.366 | 0.604–0.740 | 0.459 | 0.875 |
Age Group | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤29 Years | 30–39 Years | 40–49 Years | 50–59 Years | ≥60 Years | ALL | |||||||
M (n = 49) | F (n = 73) | M (n = 100) | F (n = 97) | M (n = 152) | F (n = 150) | M (n = 152) | F (n = 112) | M (n = 72) | F (n = 45) | M (n = 525) | F (n = 477) | |
PF | 92.55 | 92.12 | 90.10 | 90.67 | 91.12 | 88.83 | 88.62 | 85.80 | 91.88 | 78.22 | 90.44 | 88.00 |
(10.01) | (12.27) | (15.06) | (11.03) | (14.84) | (12.56) | (18.22) | (16.50) | (13.01) | (21.32) | (15.36) | (14.72) | |
RP | 86.73 | 79.79 | 84.50 | 83.76 | 75.33 | 74.67 | 79.61 | 75.00 | 82.64 | 62.78 | 80.38 | 76.26 |
(33.50) | (36.48) | (32.33) | (30.63) | (40.07) | (35.12) | (35.98) | (35.36) | (36.25) | (44.79) | (36.46) | (35.85) | |
BP | 84.63 | 84.05 | 84.04 | 79.39 | 82.69 | 78.93 | 82.74 | 80.21 | 86.58 | 73.27 | 83.68 | 79.58 |
(16.95) | (18.06) | (19.06) | (19.08) | (19.65) | (21.73) | (20.64) | (21.37) | (16.53) | (24.25) | (19.18) | (20.94) | |
GHP | 62.00 | 62.56 | 62.19 | 61.40 | 62.84 | 59.03 | 61.43 | 60.21 | 65.97 | 57.27 | 62.66 | 60.16 |
(16.02) | (20.40) | (17.99) | (18.32) | (15.60) | (17.32) | (15.91) | (16.62) | (17.48) | (20.82) | (16.47) | (18.20) | |
EF | 57.96 | 53.49 | 56.25 | 54.28 | 58.16 | 54.53 | 57.14 | 54.78 | 59.58 | 53.33 | 57.68 | 54.27 |
(12.45) | (15.76) | (13.36) | (14.98) | (13.41) | (13.56) | (13.32) | (14.48) | (13.76) | (17.58) | (13.32) | (14.77) | |
SF | 84.95 | 86.13 | 84.13 | 86.08 | 85.53 | 78.75 | 85.12 | 83.48 | 89.24 | 80.00 | 85.60 | 82.60 |
(16.33) | (20.15) | (20.09) | (18.56) | (18.32) | (19.90) | (19.34) | (19.29) | (15.60) | (19.84) | (18.45) | (19.70) | |
RE | 85.03 | 78.54 | 83.33 | 84.19 | 77.85 | 71.78 | 82.89 | 78.27 | 82.87 | 77.04 | 81.71 | 77.36 |
(31.23) | (37.42) | (34.33) | (30.84) | (38.92) | (40.27) | (33.88) | (35.71) | (38.35) | (41.33) | (35.85) | (37.23) | |
EWB | 62.69 | 60.33 | 63.20 | 62.47 | 64.08 | 61.01 | 62.66 | 62.71 | 66.17 | 62.04 | 63.66 | 61.70 |
(11.06) | (15.34) | (13.59) | (13.95) | (13.91) | (13.54) | (13.26) | (14.61) | (14.30) | (14.11) | (13.47) | (14.19) | |
PHC | 52.55 | 51.83 | 52.01 | 51.34 | 51.15 | 49.86 | 51.10 | 49.86 | 52.84 | 46.57 | 51.66 | 50.15 |
(5.10) | (7.19) | (6.68) | (6.36) | (6.98) | (6.97) | (7.10) | (7.48) | (6.00) | (9.50) | (6.69) | (7.39) | |
MHC | 47.35 | 45.93 | 47.02 | 46.85 | 47.43 | 44.90 | 47.13 | 46.33 | 48.91 | 45.42 | 47.46 | 45.84 |
(6.13) | (8.46) | (7.66) | (7.33) | (7.22) | (7.70) | (7.42) | (7.73) | (6.90) | (8.10) | (7.23) | (7.80) |
PF | RP | BP | GHP | EF | SF | RE | EWB | PHC | MHC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital status | ||||||||||
p-Value | 0.862 | 0.118 | 0.387 | 0.467 | 0.051 | 0.517 | 0.189 | 0.739 | 0.277 | 0.261 |
Single | 91.58 | 82.75 | 83.81 | 62.37 | 55.76 | 83.83 | 83.15 | 62.02 | 52.00 | 46.61 |
89.75 | 79.76 | 83.16 | 62.12 | 56.02 | 83.05 | 82.92 | 62.35 | 51.39 | 46.61 | |
Married/Cohabitant | 88.84 | 77.05 | 81.33 | 61.20 | 56.08 | 84.22 | 78.54 | 62.80 | 50.67 | 46.66 |
89.19 | 77.62 | 81.43 | 61.23 | 56.01 | 84.36 | 78.56 | 62.73 | 50.79 | 46.65 | |
Widows/Widowers | 83.33 | 93.33 | 82.93 | 66.53 | 63.33 | 88.33 | 93.33 | 66.40 | 52.57 | 49.94 |
86.65 | 98.99 | 85.23 | 67.77 | 64.17 | 90.46 | 95.24 | 66.63 | 53.95 | 50.51 | |
Divorced/Separated | 90.46 | 84.09 | 73.73 | 59.18 | 49.09 | 80.68 | 81.82 | 64.00 | 50.38 | 45.61 |
91.18 | 85.27 | 73.93 | 59.24 | 48.92 | 80.96 | 81.83 | 63.83 | 50.61 | 45.58 | |
Education level | ||||||||||
p-Value | 0.504 | 0.659 | 0.232 | 0.747 | 0.679 | 0.663 | 0.285 | 0.123 | 0.548 | 0.355 |
Elementary school education | 83.22 | 67.22 | 77.58 | 60.02 | 55.22 | 80.56 | 68.89 | 61.78 | 48.46 | 45.29 |
86.40 | 71.34 | 78.99 | 61.19 | 55.07 | 81.74 | 69.68 | 60.78 | 49.55 | 45.22 | |
Middle school education | 89.04 | 75.53 | 81.13 | 63.81 | 57.02 | 86.17 | 82.98 | 62.30 | 50.88 | 47.17 |
91.01 | 77.93 | 81.54 | 64.25 | 56.35 | 86.55 | 82.91 | 61.27 | 51.45 | 46.86 | |
High school education | 89.08 | 78.18 | 79.78 | 61.26 | 55.21 | 84.21 | 78.69 | 61.52 | 50.64 | 46.22 |
89.51 | 78.79 | 80.10 | 61.50 | 55.35 | 84.46 | 78.95 | 61.50 | 50.82 | 46.29 | |
University education | 89.88 | 79.66 | 83.20 | 61.52 | 56.52 | 84.27 | 80.75 | 63.73 | 51.31 | 47.02 |
89.22 | 78.80 | 82.87 | 61.25 | 56.51 | 84.00 | 80.54 | 63.69 | 51.08 | 47.02 | |
Health condition | ||||||||||
p-Value | 0.101 | 0.858 | 0.001 * | 0.040 * | 0.034 * | 0.659 | 0.680 | 0.479 | 0.018 * | 0.337 |
No disease and Current health problem | 90.62 | 79.52 | 84.06 | 62.89 | 57.13 | 84.38 | 80.63 | 63.17 | 51.67 | 47.04 |
90.30 | 78.99 | 83.98 | 62.91 | 57.32 | 84.31 | 80.60 | 63.31 | 51.58 | 47.09 | |
Past or Current disease only | 86.86 | 76.94 | 80.94 | 60.98 | 55.27 | 85.07 | 77.04 | 63.02 | 50.36 | 46.63 |
87.14 | 77.44 | 80.71 | 60.72 | 54.67 | 84.93 | 76.70 | 62.63 | 50.38 | 46.41 | |
Current health problem only | 88.50 | 76.90 | 77.14 | 58.92 | 54.55 | 82.65 | 79.17 | 61.46 | 49.81 | 45.92 |
88.69 | 77.19 | 77.42 | 59.10 | 54.81 | 82.85 | 79.50 | 61.61 | 49.92 | 46.04 | |
Disease and Current health problem | 87.95 | 78.77 | 80.95 | 60.34 | 54.80 | 85.10 | 80.37 | 62.69 | 50.58 | 46.65 |
88.97 | 80.50 | 81.16 | 60.24 | 54.14 | 85.30 | 80.46 | 62.20 | 50.88 | 46.47 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Park, C.-H.; Park, E.; Oh, H.-M.; Lee, S.-J.; Park, S.-H.; Jung, T.-D. Health-Related Quality of Life According to Sociodemographic Characteristics in the South Korean Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095223
Park C-H, Park E, Oh H-M, Lee S-J, Park S-H, Jung T-D. Health-Related Quality of Life According to Sociodemographic Characteristics in the South Korean Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095223
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Chan-Hee, Eunhee Park, Hyun-Min Oh, Su-Jin Lee, Sun-Hee Park, and Tae-Du Jung. 2022. "Health-Related Quality of Life According to Sociodemographic Characteristics in the South Korean Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095223