Gender Differences in Excessive Screen Time among Chinese High School Students in Henan Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Setting
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Demographic Information
2.3.2. High Screen Time
2.3.3. Mental Health Inventory of Middle School Students (MMHI-60)
2.3.4. International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Short Form (ICIQ-SF)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Rate of Excessive ST
3.3. Factors Associated with Excessive ST
3.4. Impact of Excessive ST on Mental Health Problems and Urinary Incontinence
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Iannotti, R.J.; Janssen, I.; Haug, E.; Kololo, H.; Annaheim, B.; Borraccino, A.; Group, H.P.A.F. Interrelationships of adolescent physical activity, screen-based sedentary behaviour, and social and psychological health. Int. J. Public Health 2009, 54 (Suppl. S2), 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tremblay, M.S.; Carson, V.; Chaput, J.-P.; Connor Gorber, S.; Dinh, T.; Duggan, M.; Faulkner, G.; Gray, C.E.; Gruber, R.; Janson, K. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S311–S327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reid Chassiakos, Y.L.; Radesky, J.; Christakis, D.; Moreno, M.A.; Cross, C. Children and Adolescents and Digital Media. Pediatrics 2016, 138, e20162593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schaan, C.W.; Cureau, F.V.; Sbaraini, M.; Sparrenberger, K.; Kohl Iii, H.W.; Schaan, B.D. Prevalence of excessive screen time and TV viewing among Brazilian adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pediatr. Rio J. 2019, 95, 155–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McArthur, B.A.; Volkova, V.; Tomopoulos, S.; Madigan, S. Global Prevalence of Meeting Screen Time Guidelines among Children 5 Years and Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022, 176, 373–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Zhong, J.; Hu, R.; Fiona, B.; Yu, M.; Du, H. Prevalence of high screen time and associated factors among students: A cross-sectional study in Zhejiang, China. BMJ Open 2018, 8, e021493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, F.; Yin, X.; Bi, C.; Ji, L.; Wu, H.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y.; Ren, S.; Wang, G.; Yang, X.; et al. Psychological symptoms are associated with screen and exercise time: A cross-sectional study of Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Twenge, J.M.; Farley, E. Not all screen time is created equal: Associations with mental health vary by activity and gender. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2020, 56, 207–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McMillan, R.; McIsaac, M.; Janssen, I. Family structure as a predictor of screen time among youth. PeerJ 2015, 3, e1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mannikko, N.; Ruotsalainen, H.; Miettunen, J.; Kaariainen, M. Associations between Childhood and Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics and Screen Time of Adolescents. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 2020, 41, 700–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Totland, T.H.; Bjelland, M.; Lien, N.; Bergh, I.H.; Gebremariam, M.K.; Grydeland, M.; Ommundsen, Y.; Andersen, L.F. Adolescents’ prospective screen time by gender and parental education, the mediation of parental influences. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2013, 10, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schoeppe, S.; Vandelanotte, C.; Bere, E.; Lien, N.; Verloigne, M.; Kovács, É.; Manios, Y.; Bjelland, M.; Vik, F.N.; Van Lippevelde, W. The influence of parental modelling on children’s physical activity and screen time: Does it differ by gender? Eur. J. Public Health 2016, 27, ckw182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piola, T.S.; Bacil, E.D.A.; Silva, M.P.; Pacífico, A.B.; Camargo, E.M.d.; Campos, W.d. Impact of physical activity correlates in the isolated and combined presence of insufficient level of physical activity and high screen time among adolescents. Rev. Paul. Pediatr. 2019, 37, 194–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lissak, G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ. Res. 2018, 164, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohrnberger, J.; Fichera, E.; Sutton, M. The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis. Soc. Sci. Med. 2017, 195, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wahid, A.; Manek, N.; Nichols, M.; Kelly, P.; Foster, C.; Webster, P.; Kaur, A.; Friedemann Smith, C.; Wilkins, E.; Rayner, M.; et al. Quantifying the Association between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016, 5, e002495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Steenstrup, B.; Le Rumeur, E.; Moreau, S.; Cornu, J.N. Sedentary lifestyle and urinary incontinence in women: A literature review. Prog. Urol. 2018, 28, 973–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferguson, C.J. Everything in Moderation: Moderate Use of Screens Unassociated with Child Behavior Problems. Psychiatr. Q. 2017, 88, 797–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinvani, R.-T.; Fogel-Grinvald, H.; Afek, A.; Ben-Avraham, R.; Davidov, A.; Cohen, N.B.; Ben Yehuda, A.; Nahum, M.; Gilboa, Y. Ecological Momentary Mood, Resilience, and Mental Health Status as Predictors of Quality of Life among Young Adults Under Stress: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 672397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y.; Cui, Z.; Zou, P.; Wang, K.; Lin, Z.; He, J.; Wang, J. Mental Health Problems and Associated Factors in Chinese High School Students in Henan Province: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacy, B.E.; Mearin, F.; Chang, L.; Chey, W.D.; Lembo, A.J.; Simren, M.; Spiller, R. Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016, 150, 1393–1407.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, J.; Li, Y.; He, E. Development and Standardization of Mental Health scale for Middle School students in China. Psychosoc. Sci. 1997, 4, 15–20. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, S.; Liao, C. Mental Health and Life Events of Overseas Children Left-Behind in China. Psychology 2016, 7, 1934–1946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Syan, R.; Brucker, B.M. Guideline of guidelines: Urinary incontinence. BJU Int. 2015, 117, 20–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Ancona, C.; Haylen, B.; Oelke, M.; Abranches-Monteiro, L.; Arnold, E.; Goldman, H.; Hamid, R.; Homma, Y.; Marcelissen, T.; Rademakers, K.; et al. The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2019, 38, 433–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, L.; Zhang, S.-W.; Wu, S.-L.; Ma, L.; Deng, X.-H. The Chinese version of ICIQ: A useful tool in clinical practice and research on urinary incontinence. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2008, 27, 522–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, L.; Kang, Y.K.; Li, Y.; Wei, W.B.; Jonas, J.B. Prevalence and time trends of myopia in children and adolescents in china: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Retina 2020, 40, 399–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prince, S.A.; Roberts, K.C.; Melvin, A.; Butler, G.P.; Thompson, W. Gender and education differences in sedentary behaviour in Canada: An analysis of national cross-sectional surveys. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucena, J.M.S.D.; Cheng, L.A.; Cavalcante, T.L.M.; Silva, V.A.D.; Farias Júnior, J.C.D. Prevalência de tempo excessivo de tela e fatores associados em adolescentes. Rev. Paul. Pediatr. 2015, 33, 407–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Derose, K.P.; Han, B.; Williamson, S.; Cohen, D.A. Gender Disparities in Park Use and Physical Activity among Residents of High-Poverty Neighborhoods in Los Angeles. Women’s Health Issues 2018, 28, 6–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, S.X.; DiBonaventura, M.; Purayidathil, F.W.; Wagner, J.-S.; Dabbous, O.; Mody, R. Impact of Chronic Constipation on Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Productivity, and Healthcare Resource Use: An Analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2011, 56, 2688–2695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irvine, D.S.; McGarity-Shipley, E.; Lee, E.Y.; Janssen, I.; Leatherdale, S.T. Longitudinal Associations between e-Cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, Physical Activity, and Recreational Screen Time in Canadian Adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022, 24, 978–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carson, V.; Pickett, W.; Janssen, I. Screen time and risk behaviors in 10- to 16-year-old Canadian youth. Prev. Med. 2011, 52, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jessor, R. Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. J. Adolesc. Health Off. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med. 1991, 12, 597–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baranowski, T.; Perry, C.L.; Parcel, G.S. How individuals, environments, and health behavior interact. Health Behav. Health Educ. Theory Res. Pract. 2002, 3, 165–184. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, X.; Yu, D.; Zhao, L.; Ju, L.; Guo, Q.; Fang, H.; Xu, X.; Li, S.; Piao, W.; Cai, S. Current situation of screen time among Chinese primary and middle school students from 2016 to 2017. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2022, 51, 347–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cárdenas-Fuentes, G.; Homs, C.; Ramírez-Contreras, C.; Juton, C.; Casas-Esteve, R.; Grau, M.; Aguilar-Palacio, I.; Fitó, M.; Gomez, S.F.; Schröder, H. Prospective Association of Maternal Educational Level with Child’s Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Diet Quality. Nutrients 2022, 14, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atkin, A.J.; Sharp, S.J.; Corder, K.; van Sluijs, E.M. Prevalence and correlates of screen time in youth: An international perspective. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014, 47, 803–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Fan, H. The associations between screen time-based sedentary behavior and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bardino, M.; Di Martino, M.; Ricci, E.; Parazzini, F. Frequency and Determinants of Urinary Incontinence in Adolescent and Young Nulliparous Women. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 2015, 28, 462–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Total | Males | Females | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 15,055 | 7514 (49.9) | 7541 (50.1) | ||
Age | 14–16 | 5881 (39.1) | 2766 (36.8) | 3115 (41.3) | <0.001 * |
17–20 | 9174 (60.9) | 4748 (63.2) | 4426 (58.7) | ||
BMI | <18.5 | 1346 (9.1) | 899 (12.2) | 447 (6.0) | <0.001 |
18.5–24 | 12,294 (82.7) | 5626 (76.4) | 6668 (88.9) | ||
>24 | 1226 (8.2) | 843 (11.4) | 383 (5.1) | ||
Grade | First year | 5279 (35.1) | 2678 (35.6) | 2601 (34.5) | <0.001 |
Second year | 4009 (26.6) | 2083 (27.7) | 1926 (25.5) | ||
Third year | 5620 (37.3) | 2672 (35.6) | 2948 (39.1) | ||
Fourth year § | 147 (1.0) | 81 (1.1) | 66 (0.9) | ||
Ethnicity | Han | 14,679 (97.5) | 7321 (97.4) | 7358 (97.6) | 0.577 |
Minority | 376 (2.5) | 193 (2.6) | 183 (2.4) | ||
Residence on campus | No | 4047 (26.9) | 2081 (27.7) | 1966 (26.1) | 0.025 |
Yes | 11,008 (73.1) | 5433 (72.3) | 5575 (73.9) | ||
Physical disease | No | 14,086 (93.6) | 6992 (93.1) | 7094 (94.1) | 0.011 |
Yes | 969 (6.4) | 522 (6.9) | 447 (5.9) | ||
Chronic constipation | No | 13,471 (89.5) | 6802 (90.5) | 6669 (88.4) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1584 (10.5) | 712 (9.5) | 872 (11.6) | ||
Smoking | No | 14,333 (95.2) | 6921 (92.1) | 7412 (98.3) | <0.001 |
Yes | 722 (4.8) | 593 (7.9) | 129 (1.7) | ||
Alcohol consumption | No | 13,091 (87.0) | 6025 (80.2) | 7066 (93.7) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1964 (13.0) | 1489 (19.8) | 475 (6.3) | ||
Sexual activity | Never active | 14,381 (95.5) | 7030 (93.6) | 7351 (97.5) | <0.001 |
Ever active | 674 (4.5) | 484 (6.4) | 190 (2.5) | ||
Inhabitation | Urban | 5984 (39.7) | 3096 (41.2) | 2888 (38.3) | <0.001 |
Rural | 8411 (55.9) | 4066 (54.1) | 4345 (57.6) | ||
Rural–urban continuum | 660 (4.4) | 352 (4.7) | 308 (4.1) | ||
Single parent | No | 14,061 (93.4) | 7049 (93.8) | 7012 (93.0) | 0.041 |
Yes | 994 (6.6) | 465 (6.2) | 529 (7.0) | ||
Paternal education | High school and below | 10,790 (71.7) | 5308 (70.6) | 5482 (72.7) | <0.001 |
Junior college | 2208 (14.7) | 1093 (14.5) | 1115 (14.8) | ||
Bachelor | 1700 (11.3) | 877 (11.7) | 823 (10.9) | ||
Master | 140 (0.9) | 88 (1.2) | 52 (0.7) | ||
Ph.D. | 217 (1.4) | 148 (2.0) | 69 (0.9) | ||
Maternal education | High school and below | 11,436 (76.0) | 5628 (74.9) | 5808 (77.0) | <0.001 |
Junior college | 1748 (11.6) | 885 (11.8) | 863 (11.4) | ||
Bachelor | 1569 (10.4) | 805 (10.7) | 764 (10.1) | ||
Master | 101 (0.7) | 57 (0.8) | 44 (0.6) | ||
Ph.D. | 201 (1.3) | 139 (1.8) | 62 (0.8) | ||
Excessive screen time | No | 13,645 (90.6) | 6366 (84.7) | 7279 (96.5) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1410 (9.4) | 1148 (15.3) | 262 (3.5) | ||
Mental health problems | No | 8768 (58.2) | 4259 (56.7) | 4509 (59.8) | <0.001 |
Yes | 6287 (41.8) | 3255 (43.3) | 3032 (40.2) | ||
Urinary incontinence | No | 14,060 (93.4) | 7060 (94.0) | 7000 (92.8) | <0.001 |
Yes | 995 (6.6) | 454 (6.0) | 541 (7.2) |
Variables | All Participants | Males | Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Rate (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Positive Rate (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Positive Rate (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Total | 9.4 (8.9, 9.8) | - | 15.3 (14.5, 16.1) | - | 3.5 (3.1, 3.9) | - | |
Gender | Female | 3.5 (3.1, 3.9) | Ref. | - | - | - | - |
Male | 15.3 (14.5, 16.1) | 5.051 (4.386, 5.814) | - | - | - | - | |
Age | 14–16 | 10.6 (9.8, 11.4) | Ref. | 17.9 (16.5, 19.4) | Ref. | 4.0 (3.4, 4.8) | Ref. |
17–20 | 8.6 (8.0, 9.2) | 0.797 (0.714, 0.890) | 13.8 (12.8, 14.8) | 0.732 (0.644, 0.831) | 3.1 (2.6, 3.6) | 0.752 (0.588, 0.963) | |
BMI | <18.5 | 12.8 (11.2, 14.6) | Ref. | 16.6 (14.4, 19.0) | Ref. | 4.7 (3.1, 7.1) | Ref. |
18.5–24 | 8.3 (7.8, 8.8) | 0.537 (0.457, 0.634) | 14.1 (13.3, 15.1) | 0.712 (0.595, 0.856) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.7) | 0.614 (0.404, 0.980) | |
>24 | 10.5 (9.0, 12.3) | 0.812 (0.645, 1.020) | 13.1 (11.1, 15.5) | 0.765 (0.595, 0.982) | 4.5 (2.8, 7.0) | 0.962 (0.511, 1.793) | |
Grade | First year | 12.7 (11.9, 13.7) | Ref. | 20.2 (18.7, 21.8) | Ref. | 5.0 (4.3, 6.0) | Ref. |
Second year | 7.6 (6.8, 8.4) | 0.561 (0.486, 0.646) | 11.8 (10.5, 13.3) | 0.529 (0.449, 0.622) | 3.0 (2.39, 3.8) | 0.575 (0.416, 0.785) | |
Third year | 7.4 (6.7, 8.1) | 0.547 (0.480, 0.621) | 12.9 (11.7, 14.2) | 0.584 (0.503, 0.676) | 2.4 (1.9, 3.0) | 0.465 (0.345, 0.622) | |
Fourth year | 13.6 (9.0, 20.1) | 1.080 (0.650, 1.701) | 21.0 (13.5, 31.1) | 1.049 (0.591, 1.764) | 4.6 (1.6, 12.5) | 0.898 (0.217, 2.461) | |
Ethnicity | Han | 9.3 (8.9, 9.8) | Ref. | 15.3 (14.5, 16.1) | Ref. | 3.4 (3.0, 3.9) | Ref. |
Minority | 10.4 (7.7, 13.9) | 1.123 (0.791, 1.551) | 15.0 (10.7, 20.8) | 0.980 (0.644, 1.438) | 5.5 (3.0, 9.8) | 1.630 (0.797, 2.964) | |
Residence on campus | No | 6.6 (5.9, 7.4) | Ref. | 10.2 (9.0, 11.6) | Ref. | 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) | Ref. |
Yes | 10.4 (9.8, 11.0) | 1.632 (1.424, 1.877) | 17.2 (16.2, 18.2) | 1.823 (1.559, 2.140) | 3.7 (3.3, 4.2) | 1.340 (0.998, 1.828) | |
Physical disease | No | 9.0 (8.5, 9.4) | Ref. | 14.8 (14.0, 15.6) | Ref. | 3.2 (2.8, 3.7) | Ref. |
Yes | 15.3 (13.2, 17.7) | 1.832 (1.518, 2.196) | 22.0 (18.7, 25.8) | 1.630 (1.307, 2.019) | 7.4 (5.3, 10.2) | 2.390 (1.610, 3.439) | |
Chronic constipation | No | 8.9 (8.4, 9.4) | Ref. | 14.4 (13.6, 15.3) | Ref. | 3.3 (2.9, 3.7) | Ref. |
Yes | 13.4 (11.8, 15.2) | 1.583 (1.351, 1.847) | 23.7 (20.8, 27.0) | 1.851 (1.534, 2.224) | 4.9 (3.7, 6.6) | 1.528 (1.080, 2.113) | |
Smoking | No | 8.5 (8.1,9.0) | Ref. | 14.2 (13.4, 15.0) | Ref. | 3.2 (2.9, 3.7) | Ref. |
Yes | 26.2 (23.1, 29.5) | 3.808 (3.187, 4.532) | 28.0 (24.5, 31.7) | 2.351 (1.937, 2.842) | 17.8 (12.2, 25.3) | 6.512 (3.985, 10.223) | |
Alcohol consumption | No | 7.6 (7.2, 8.1) | Ref. | 13.1 (12.3, 14.0) | Ref. | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | Ref. |
Yes | 20.9 (19.2, 22.8) | 3.203 (2.821, 3.633) | 24.1 (22.0, 26.4) | 2.108 (1.831, 2.424) | 11.0 (8.5, 14.1) | 4.013 (2.891, 5.480) | |
Sexual activity | Never active | 8.7 (8.3, 9.2) | Ref. | 14.4 (13.6, 15.3) | Ref. | 3.3 (2.9, 3.7) | Ref. |
Ever active | 22.9 (19.8, 26.2) | 3.095 (2.555, 3.729) | 27.7 (23.9, 31.8) | 2.271 (1.836, 2.795) | 10.5 (6.9, 15.7) | 3.456 (2.076, 5.458) | |
Inhabitation | Urban | 8.3 (7.6, 9.0) | Ref. | 12.8 (11.6, 14.0) | Ref. | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) | Ref. |
Rural | 9.8 (9.2, 10.5) | 1.209 (1.077, 1.360) | 17.0 (15.9, 18.2) | 1.398 (1.223, 1.598) | 3.2 (2.7, 3.7) | 0.908 (0.699, 1.182) | |
Rural–urban continuum | 13.3 (11.0, 16.1) | 1.706 (1.331, 2.164) | 17.9 (14.3, 22.2) | 1.491 (1.105, 1.984) | 8.1 (5.6, 11.7) | 2.463 (1.532, 3.821) | |
Single parent | No | 9.3 (8.9, 9.8) | Ref. | 15.3 (14.4, 16.1) | Ref. | 3.4 (3.0, 3.8) | Ref. |
Yes | 10.1 (8.3, 12.1) | 1.089 (0.874, 1.342) | 15.7 (12.7, 19.3) | 1.035 (0.794, 1.331) | 5.1 (3.5, 7.3) | 1.551 (1.009, 2.291) | |
Paternal education | High school and below | 9.7 (9.2, 10.3) | Ref. | 16.3 (15.3, 17.3) | Ref. | 3.4 (3.0, 3.9) | Ref. |
Junior college | 6.0 (5.1, 7.1) | 0.590 (0.488, 0.709) | 10.1 (8.4, 12.0) | 0.576 (0.465, 0.708) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.0) | 0.573 (0.357, 0.875) | |
Bachelor | 8.6 (7.4, 10.0) | 0.872 (0.725, 1.042) | 12.5 (10.5, 14.9) | 0.739 (0.594, 0.910) | 4.4 (3.2, 6.0) | 1.302 (0.891, 1.852) | |
Master | 9.3 (5.5, 15.2) | 0.951 (0.510, 1.623) | 11.4 (6.3, 19.7) | 0.660 (0.320, 1.220) | 5.8 (2.0 15.6) | 1.743 (0.421, 4.803) | |
Ph.D. | 32.3 (26.4, 38.7) | 4.422 (3.287, 5.895) | 37.2 (29.8, 45.2) | 3.046 (2.154, 4.269) | 21.7 (13.6, 32.8) | 7.909 (4.239, 13.924) | |
Maternal education | High school and below | 9.6 (9.1, 10.2) | Ref. | 16.2 (15.3, 17.2) | Ref. | 3.2 (2.7, 3.6) | Ref. |
Junior college | 7.0 (5.9, 8.3) | 0.707 (0.580, 0.855) | 10.3 (8.5, 12.5) | 0.591 (0.468, 0.739) | 3.6 (2.5, 5.1) | 1.145 (0.763, 1.662) | |
Bachelor | 9.2 (7.4, 11.4) | 0.690 (0.558, 0.843) | 9.2 (7.4, 11.4) | 0.522 (0.404, 0.665) | 4.3 (3.1, 6.0) | 1.388 (0.935, 1.998) | |
Master | 14.9 (9.2, 23.1) | 1.644 (0.910, 2.767) | 22.8 (13.8, 35.2) | 0.524 (0.785, 2.759) | 4.6 (1.3, 15.1) | 1.464 (0.237, 4.800) | |
Ph.D. | 34.3 (28.1, 41.1) | 4.927 (3.641, 6.611) | 40.3 (32.5, 48.6) | 3.654 (2.567,5.167) | 21.0 (12.7, 32.6) | 8.155 (4.179, 14.855) |
Variable | All Participants | Males | Females |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Male (vs. Female) | 4.545 (3.953, 5.263) | - | - |
Age (17–20 vs. 14–16) | 0.885 (0.819, 0.955) | 0.880 (0.807, 0.960) | - |
Grade | - | - | |
Second year (vs. First year) | 0.593 (0.506, 0.694) | 0.577 (0.482, 0.688) | 0.625 (0.449, 0.861) |
Third year (vs. First year) | 0.568 (0.484, 0.667) | 0.602 (0.502, 0.721) | 0.427 (0.313, 0.578) |
Fourth year (vs. First year) | 0.934 (0.531, 1.575) | 1.011 (0.542, 1.801) | 0.527 (0.105, 1.729) |
Residence on campus (yes vs. no) | 1.716 (1.469, 2.010) | 1.814 (1.536, 2.152) | 1.640 (1.181, 2.311) |
Physical disease (yes vs. no) | 1.569 (1.276, 1.918) | 1.461 (1.151, 1.840) | 1.884 (1.226, 2.805) |
Chronic constipation (yes vs. no) | 1.512 (1.268, 1.796) | 1.631 (1.332, 1.987) | - |
Smoking (yes vs. no) | 1.474 (1.180, 1.836) | 1.423 (1.122, 1.798) | 2.328 (1.261, 4.165) |
Alcohol consumption (yes vs. no) | 1.789 (1.530, 2.088) | 1.658 (1.400, 1.960) | 2.764 (1.850, 4.027) |
Sexual activity (ever active vs. never active) | 1.743 (1.400, 2.158) | 1.768 (1.396, 2.228) | - |
Inhabitation | |||
Rural (vs. urban) | 1.069 (0.930, 1.229) | - | 0.995 (0.733, 1.357) |
Rural–urban continuum (vs. urban) | 1.316 (1.003, 1.710) | - | 2.361 (1.430, 3.768) |
Paternal education | |||
Junior college (vs. High school and below) | 0.734 (0.582, 0.918) | 0.820 (0.636, 1.048) | 0.450 (0.260, 0.749) |
Bachelor (vs. High school and below) | 1.219 (0.943, 1.567) | 1.250 (0.938, 1.656) | 1.023 (0.591, 1.734) |
Master (vs. High school and below) | 0.808 (0.388, 1.562) | 0.620 (0.261, 1.337) | 1.492 (0.320, 5.001) |
Ph.D. (vs. High school and below) | 1.574 (0.780, 3.110) | 1.247 (0.572, 2.642) | 5.857 (0.974, 29.922) |
Maternal education | |||
Junior college (vs. High school and below) | 0.815 (0.638, 1.034) | 0.661 (0.500, 0.867) | 1.674 (1.024, 2.673) |
Bachelor (vs. High school and below) | 0.673 (0.507, 0.887) | 0.521 (0.375, 0.716) | 1.445 (0.817, 2.509) |
Master (vs. High school and below) | 1.390 (0.663, 2.749) | 1.973 (0.880, 4.203) | 0.231 (0.011, 1.517) |
Ph.D. (vs. High school and below) | 2.438 (1.221, 4.902) | 2.628 (1.234, 5.671) | 1.392 (0.246, 8.412) |
Variable | Total | Males | Females | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excessive ST (n = 1410) | Low ST § (n = 13,645) | p Value * | Excessive ST (n = 1148) | Low ST (n = 6366) | p Value | Excessive ST (n = 262) | Low ST (n = 7279) | p Value | |
Mental Health problems | 820 (58.2) | 5467 (40.1) | <0.001 | 650 (56.6) | 2605 (40.9) | <0.001 | 170 (64.9) | 2862 (39.3) | <0.001 |
Academic stress | 1052 (74.6) | 7820 (57.3) | <0.001 | 847 (73.8) | 3588 (56.4) | <0.001 | 205 (78.2) | 4232 (58.1) | <0.001 |
Emotional disturbance | 994 (70.5) | 7361 (53.9) | <0.001 | 791 (68.9) | 3472 (54.5) | <0.001 | 203 (77.5) | 3889 (53.4) | <0.001 |
Obsessive–compulsive tendencies | 904 (64.1) | 7108 (52.1) | <0.001 | 730 (63.6) | 3303 (51.9) | <0.001 | 174 (66.4) | 3805 (52.3) | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 892 (63.3) | 7051 (51.7) | <0.001 | 707 (61.6) | 3134 (49.2) | <0.001 | 185 (70.6) | 3917 (53.8) | <0.001 |
Maladaptation | 933 (66.3) | 6225 (45.6) | <0.001 | 754 (65.7) | 3039 (47.7) | <0.001 | 179 (68.3) | 3186 (43.8) | <0.001 |
Interpersonal sensitivity | 890 (63.1) | 6213 (45.5) | <0.001 | 714 (62.6) | 2908 (45.7) | <0.001 | 176 (67.2) | 3305 (45.4) | <0.001 |
Paranoid ideation | 800 (56.7) | 5439 (39.9) | <0.001 | 643 (56.0) | 2669 (41.9) | <0.001 | 157 (59.9) | 2770 (38.1) | <0.001 |
Depression | 748 (53.0) | 5403 (39.6) | <0.001 | 568 (49.5) | 2306 (36.2) | <0.001 | 180 (68.7) | 3097 (42.5) | <0.001 |
Hostility | 629 (44.6) | 4479 (32.8) | <0.001 | 483 (42.1) | 2135 (33.5) | <0.001 | 146 (55.7) | 2344 (32.2) | <0.001 |
Psychological imbalance | 577 (40.9) | 4002 (29.3) | <0.001 | 471 (41.0) | 2091 (32.8) | <0.001 | 106 (40.5) | 1911 (26.3) | <0.001 |
UI | 129 (9.1) | 866 (6.3) | <0.001 | 102 (8.9) | 352 (5.5) | <0.001 | 27 (10.3) | 514 (7.1) | 0.046 |
Stress UI | 16 (1.1) | 238 (1.7) | 0.091 | 9 (0.8) | 47 (0.7) | 0.868 | 7 (2.7) | 191 (2.6) | 0.962 |
Urgency UI | 100 (7.1) | 560 (4.1) | <0.001 | 83 (7.2) | 269 (4.2) | <0.001 | 17 (6.5) | 291 (4.0) | 0.045 |
Mixed UI | 13 (0.9) | 68 (0.5) | 0.060 | 10 (0.9) | 36 (0.6) | 0.310 | 3 (1.1) | 32 (0.4) | 0.235 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cui, Z.; Zou, P.; Lin, Z.; Cao, Y.; Luo, Y. Gender Differences in Excessive Screen Time among Chinese High School Students in Henan Province. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010721
Cui Z, Zou P, Lin Z, Cao Y, Luo Y. Gender Differences in Excessive Screen Time among Chinese High School Students in Henan Province. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010721
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Zhenti, Ping Zou, Zihan Lin, Yingdong Cao, and Yan Luo. 2023. "Gender Differences in Excessive Screen Time among Chinese High School Students in Henan Province" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010721