Dark Personality Traits and Online Behaviors: Portuguese Versions of Cyberstalking, Online Harassment, Flaming and Trolling Scales
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Questionnaire
2.2.2. Psychological Variables
Internet Addiction Test
Dirty Dozen Dark Triad
Cyberstalking Scale
Online Harassment Scale
Flaming Behaviors Scale
Trolling Behaviors Scale
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptives
3.2. Study 1
3.2.1. Specific Objective (1) to Evaluate the Psychometric Qualities of the Instruments Used in This Study through (1a) Assessment of the Adjustment to Our Sample of Instruments Previously Validated for the Portuguese Population (Internet Addiction Test and Dirty Dozen Dark Triad)
3.2.2. Specific Objective (1) to Evaluate the Psychometric Qualities of the Instruments Used in this Study through (1b) the Validation for the Portuguese Population of the Cyberstalking Scale, Online Harassment Scale, Flaming Scale and Trolling Scale
Cyberstalking Scale
Online Harassment Scale
Flaming Behaviors Scale
Trolling Behaviors Scale
3.2.3. Correlations between Psychological Variables
3.3. Specific Objective (2) to Establish Associations between the Variables under Study and the Sociodemographic Variables
3.4. Study 2
Specific Objective (3) to Look for Relationships between Personality Traits and Online Behaviors
3.5. Specific Objective (4) to Determine Whether Online Behaviors Moderate the Relation between the Dimensions of the Dark Triad of Personality and Internet Addiction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Original and Portuguese versions of the instruments validated in this study | |
Cyberstalking Scale [51] | Escala de Cybertalking |
1. I usually find the social media of someone I’m interested in, even if it takes hours. | Costumo encontrar as redes sociais de alguém que me suscite interesse, mesmo que demore horas. |
2. It’s ok to check who likes and comments on the posts of your partner. | Acho aceitável verificar quem “gosta” e comenta os posts de um(a) parceiro(a) amoroso(a). |
3. I lose track of time searching for information about my acquaintances on the Internet. | Perco a noção do tempo à procura de informações acerca dos meus conhecidos na Internet. |
4. It is normal to “keep an eye” on the social media of someone who frequently interacts with your partner. | É normal estar atenta às redes sociais de alguém que interage frequentemente com o meu (minha) parceiro(a) amoroso (a). |
5. If a person hides their messages, I look for other ways to find out the content of them. | Se uma pessoa esconde muito as suas mensagens, procuro outras formas de as descobrir. |
6. If I had my partner’s social media passwords, my life would be easier. | Se eu tivesse as passwords das redes sociais do(a) meu(minha) parceiro(a), a minha vida seria mais fácil. |
7. If I could I would look at my love partner’s browsing history. | Se eu pudesse, veria o histórico de navegação do(a) meu(minha) parceiro(a) amoroso(a). |
8. I prefer to form relationships with people that I can investigate on social media. | Prefiro relacionar-me com pessoas que possa investigar nas redes sociais. |
9. I check what kind of apps my partner uses on their phone. | Verifico que tipo de aplicações o(a) meu (minha) parceiro(a) amoroso(a) utiliza no seu telemóvel. |
10. When you’re interested in someone, it’s not wrong to look at their acquaintances’ social media, in order to get to know them better. | Quando se está interessado em alguém, não tem mal ver as redes sociais das pessoas próximas dele(a) para conhecê-lo(a) melhor. |
Online Harassment Scale [52] | Escala de Assédio Online |
1. Embarrassed on purpose. | Envergonhado(a) de propósito. |
2. Called offensive names. | Alvo de nomes ofensivos. |
3. Unwanted sexual messages. | Mensagens sexuais indesejadas. |
4. Threats of physical sexual violence. | Ameaças de violência sexual física. |
5. Threats of physical non-sexual violence. | Ameaças de violência física não sexual. |
6. Hurt emotionally or psychologically. | Ferido emocionalmente ou psicologicamente. |
7. Used information from your social media profile in a way that made you uncomfortable. | Utilizaram informações do seu perfil das redes sociais de uma forma que o(a) deixou desconfortável. |
8. Repeatedly contacted in a way that made you feel afraid or unsafe. | Repetidamente contactado de uma maneira que o fez sentir com medo ou inseguro(a). |
Flaming Behaviours Scale [7] | Escala de Comportamentos de Flaming |
1. In the community, I tend to use swear or harsh words. (Aggression) | Na comunidade, costumo usar palavrões ou palavras duras. (Agressão) |
2. In the community, I tend to intimidate people who get on my nerves. (Intimidation) | Na comunidade, costumo intimidar as pessoas que me enervam. (Intimidação) |
3. In the community, I tend to insult people who I hate. (Insults) | Na comunidade, costumo insultar as pessoas que odeio. (Insultos) |
4. In the community, I tend to make vulgar jokes. (Uninhibited language) | Na comunidade, costumo fazer piadas ordinárias. (Linguagem desinibida) |
5. In the community, I tend to make sarcastic remarks about others opinion. (Sarcasm) | Na comunidade, costumo fazer comentários sarcásticos sobre a opinião dos outros (Sarcasmo) |
Trolling Behaviors Scale [54] | Escala de Comportamentos de Trolling |
1. Debating various topics with the intention to irritate/upset others. | Debater vários tópicos com a intenção de irritar/perturbar os outros. |
2. Trolling’ on public forums. | Trolling em fóruns públicos. |
3. I like to post memes and comments with the intent to aggravate or annoy others. | Gosto de postar memes e comentários com a intenção de aborrecer ou irritar os outros. |
Appendix B
Items description (N = 773) | ||||
M | SD | Sk (SD = 0.088) | Kr (SD = 0.176) | |
Internet Addiction Test Items | (0–5) | |||
1. Do you find that you stay on-line longer than you intended? | 3.28 | 1.05 | −0.53 | −0.09 |
2. Do you neglect household chores to spend more time on-line? | 2.19 | 1.15 | 0.12 | −0.48 |
3. Do you prefer the excitement of the Internet to intimacy with your partner? | 0.81 | 0.92 | 1.56 | 3.49 |
4. Do you form new relationships with fellow on-line users? | 1.72 | 0.98 | 0.57 | 0.14 |
5. Do others in your life complain to you about the amount of time you spend on-line? | 1.77 | 1.11 | 0.70 | −0.04 |
6. Do your grades or school work suffer because of the amount of time you spend on-line? | 1.37 | 1.16 | 0.81 | 0.33 |
7. Do you check your e-mail before something else that you need to do? | 2.92 | 1.20 | −0.20 | −0.56 |
8. Does your job performance or productivity suffer because of the Internet? | 1.82 | 1.15 | 0.56 | −0.27 |
9. Do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what you do on-line? | 1.46 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 1.54 |
10. Do you block out disturbing thoughts about your life with soothing thoughts of the Internet? | 1.33 | 1.12 | 1.32 | 1.73 |
11. Do you find yourself anticipating when you will go on-line again? | 1.45 | 1.02 | 1.13 | 1.50 |
12. Do you fear that life without the Internet would be boring, empty, and joyless? | 2.02 | 1.25 | 0.61 | −0.32 |
13. Do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you while you are on-line? | 1.38 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 1.63 |
14. Do you lose sleep due to late-night log-ins? | 2.11 | 1.28 | 0.43 | −0.69 |
15. Do you feel preoccupied with the Internet when off-line, or fantasize about being on-line? | 1.40 | 0.97 | 1.20 | 1.71 |
16. Do you find yourself saying “just a few more minutes” when on-line? | 2.49 | 1.33 | 0.06 | −0.95 |
17. Do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend on-line and fail? | 2.02 | 1.17 | 0.44 | −0.37 |
18. Do you try to hide how long you’ve been on-line? | 1.29 | 0.87 | 1.29 | 2.31 |
19. Do you choose to spend more time on-line over going out with others? | 1.55 | 1.09 | 0.89 | 0.43 |
20. Do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line, which goes away once you are back on-line? | 1.31 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 1.48 |
Dirty Dozen Dark Triad Items | (1–5) | |||
1. I tend to manipulate others to get my way. | 2.43 | 1.09 | 0.33 | −0.77 |
2. I have used deceit or lied to get my way. | 2.58 | 1.21 | 0.13 | −1.29 |
3. I have use flattery to get my way. | 2.47 | 1.20 | 0.25 | −1.22 |
4. I tend to exploit others towards my own end. | 1.62 | 0.81 | 1.29 | 1.36 |
5. I tend to lack remorse. | 1.86 | 1.05 | 1.21 | 0.84 |
6. I tend to not be too concerned with morality or the morality of my actions. | 1.62 | 0.95 | 1.73 | 2.67 |
7. I tend to be callous or insensitive. | 1.95 | 1.08 | 0.91 | −0.19 |
8. I tend to be cynical. | 1.82 | 1.00 | 1.18 | 0.74 |
9. I tend to want others to admire me. | 2.61 | 1.21 | 0.10 | −1.16 |
10. I tend to want others to pay attention to me. | 2.68 | 1.19 | 0.05 | −1.08 |
11. I tend to seek prestige or status. | 2.42 | 1.23 | 0.40 | −0.95 |
12. I tend to expect special favors from others. | 1.81 | 0.97 | 1.16 | 0.86 |
Cyberstalking Scale Items | (1–5) | |||
1. I usually find the social media of someone I’m interested in, even if it takes hours. | 2.30 | 1.26 | 0.64 | −0.78 |
2. It’s ok to check who likes and comments on the posts of your partner. | 2.45 | 1.17 | 0.24 | −0.97 |
3. I lose track of time searching for information about my acquaintances on the Internet. | 1.90 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.33 |
4. It is normal to “keep an eye” on the social media of someone who frequently interacts with your partner. | 2.18 | 1.13 | 0.61 | −0.57 |
5. If a person hides their messages, I look for other ways to find out the content of them. | 1.90 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.30 |
6. If I had my partner’s social media passwords, my life would be easier. | 1.38 | 0.70 | 1.88 | 3.11 |
7. If I could I would look at my love partner’s browsing history. | 1.51 | 0.86 | 1.87 | 3.32 |
8. I prefer to form relationships with people that I can investigate on social media. | 1.49 | 0.78 | 1.63 | 2.23 |
9. I check what kind of apps my partner uses on their phone. | 1.54 | 0.87 | 1.72 | 2.62 |
10. When you’re interested in someone, it’s not wrong to look at their acquaintances’ social media, in order to get to know them better. | 2.65 | 1.20 | −0.03 | −1.13 |
Online Harassment Scale Items | (1–7) | |||
1. Embarrassed on purpose. | 1.91 | 1.21 | 1.50 | 1.93 |
2. Called offensive names. | 2.09 | 1.44 | 1.30 | 0.89 |
3. Unwanted sexual messages. | 2.30 | 1.67 | 1.11 | 0.01 |
4. Threats of physical sexual violence. | 1.20 | 0.69 | 4.50 | 23.47 |
5. Threats of physical non-sexual violence. | 1.40 | 0.94 | 2.88 | 8.98 |
6. Hurt emotionally or psychologically. | 2.45 | 1.58 | 0.93 | −0.06 |
7. Used information from your social media profile in a way that made you uncomfortable. | 1.64 | 1.18 | 2.06 | 3.70 |
8. Repeatedly contacted in a way that made you feel afraid or unsafe. | 1.80 | 1.27 | 1.83 | 2.93 |
Flaming Behaviours Scale Items | (1–7) | |||
1. In the community, I tend to use swear or harsh words. (Aggression) | 2.20 | 1.69 | 1.30 | 0.63 |
2. In the community, I tend to intimidate people who get on my nerves. (Intimidation) | 1.67 | 1.22 | 2.08 | 3.98 |
3. In the community, I tend to insult people who I hate. (Insults) | 1.75 | 1.33 | 2.01 | 3.57 |
4. In the community, I tend to make vulgar jokes. (Uninhibited language) | 2.10 | 1.62 | 1.46 | 1.22 |
5. In the community, I tend to make sarcastic remarks about others opinion. (Sarcasm) | 2.76 | 1.84 | 0.71 | −0.66 |
Trolling Behaviors Scale Items | (1–5) | |||
1. Debating various topics with the intention to irritate/upset others | 1.66 | 1.05 | 1.64 | 1.89 |
2. Trolling’ on public forums | 1.38 | 0.86 | 2.44 | 5.44 |
3. I like to post memes and comments with the intent to aggravate or annoy others | 1.65 | 1.06 | 1.59 | 1.53 |
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N | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
How much time do you dedicate to the Internet per day, in non-academic or professional tasks? | 1 | Up to 2 h | 185 | 23.9 |
2 | Between 2 to 4 h | 253 | 32.7 | |
3 | Between 4 to 6 h | 234 | 30.3 | |
4 | More than 6 h | 101 | 13.1 | |
Identify how you use the Internet (excluding academic or professional tasks). | ||||
No | Yes | |||
N | % | N | % | |
1—Consult email | 102 | 13.2 | 671 | 86.8 |
2—Social networks | 23 | 3.0 | 750 | 97.0 |
3—Listen to music online | 85 | 11.0 | 688 | 89.0 |
4—Looking for new friends | 622 | 80.5 | 151 | 19.5 |
5—Search for information and news in general | 98 | 12.7 | 675 | 87.3 |
6—Play online | 475 | 61.4 | 298 | 38.6 |
7—Communicate and relate to others | 81 | 10.5 | 692 | 89.5 |
8—Online shopping | 263 | 34.0 | 510 | 66.0 |
9—Digress on the Internet | 223 | 28.8 | 550 | 71.2 |
10—Watch movies/series | 159 | 20.6 | 614 | 79.4 |
11—Betting sites | 679 | 87.8 | 94 | 12.2 |
12—Search for adult content | 598 | 77.4 | 175 | 22.6 |
(N = 387) (10 Items) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
h2 | F1 | F2 | F3 | |
Control | Justification | Time | ||
1. I usually find the social media of someone I’m interested in, even if it takes hours. | 0.704 | 0.034 | 0.280 | 0.791 |
2. It’s ok to check who likes and comments on the posts of your partner. | 0.741 | 0.093 | 0.837 | 0.177 |
3. I lose track of time searching for information about my acquaintances on the Internet. | 0.738 | 0.228 | 0.151 | 0.814 |
4. It is normal to “keep an eye” on the social media of someone who frequently interacts with your partner. | 0.747 | 0.169 | 0.841 | 0.107 |
5. If a person hides their messages, I look for other ways to find out the content of them. | 0.515 | 0.350 | 0.617 | 0.108 |
6. If I had my partner’s social media passwords, my life would be easier. | 0.750 | 0.839 | 0.206 | 0.070 |
7. If I could I would look at my love partner’s browsing history. | 0.711 | 0.791 | 0.291 | 0.019 |
8. I prefer to form relationships with people that I can investigate on social media. | 0.702 | 0.702 | −0.015 | 0.457 |
9. I check what kind of apps my partner uses on her/his phone. | 0.562 | 0.678 | 0.282 | 0.153 |
10. When you’re interested in someone, it’s not wrong to look at their acquaintances’ social media, in order to get to know them better. | 0.537 | 0.271 | 0.620 | 0.281 |
Eigenvalues | 4.32 | 1.30 | 1.10 | |
Total variance explained (67.07%) | 43.23 | 12.98 | 10.87 | |
Cronbach’s alfa (α) | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.65 |
Correlation matrix range [0.30–0.90] | 0.19–0.69 | |||
Determinant score [above 0.00001] | 0.023 | |||
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (df); p < 0.05 | 1441.77 (45); <0.001 | |||
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure (KMO) (above 0.50) | 0.846 | |||
Diagonal element anti-correlation matrix (above 0.50) | 0.81–0.91 |
Pearson’s Correlations | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | α | CR | AVE | Mean (Standard Deviation) | |
1. Cyberstalking Total | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.50 | 1.93 (0.66) | |||
2. Cyberstalking Control | 0.80 ** | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.57 | 1.48 (0.64) | ||
3. Cyberstalking Justification | 0.89 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.54 | 2.30 (0.89) | |
4. Cyberstalking Time | 0.69 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.64 | 2.10 (0.97) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Adiction Internet Total | |||||||||||
2. Dirty Dozen Machiavellianism | 0.336 ** | ||||||||||
3. Dirty Dozen Psychopathy | 0.168 ** | 0.300 ** | |||||||||
4. Dirty Dozen Narcissism | 0.254 ** | 0.510 ** | 0.278 ** | ||||||||
5. Cyberstalking Total | 0.358 ** | 0.399 ** | 0.241 ** | 0.430 ** | |||||||
6. Cyberstalking Control | 0.234 ** | 0.307 ** | 0.254 ** | 0.327 ** | 0.803 ** | ||||||
7. Cyberstalking Justification | 0.290 ** | 0.343 ** | 0.181 ** | 0.383 ** | 0.892 ** | 0.554 ** | |||||
8. Cyberstalking Time | 0.372 ** | 0.318 ** | 0.150 ** | 0.322 ** | 0.690 ** | 0.384 ** | 0.452 ** | ||||
9. Online Harassment Total | 0.319 ** | 0.330 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.183 ** | 0.309 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.276 ** | 0.307 ** | |||
10. Flaming Total | 0.291 ** | 0.374 ** | 0.343 ** | 0.272 ** | 0.247 ** | 0.219 ** | 0.204 ** | 0.173 ** | 0.378 ** | ||
11. TrollingTotal | 0.221 ** | 0.310 ** | 0.278 ** | 0.247 ** | 0.224 ** | 0.188 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.188 ** | 0.278 ** | 0.535 ** | |
Skweness | 0.212 | 0.188 | 0.983 | 0.212 | 0.640 | 1.424 | 0.457 | 0.688 | 1.547 | 1.404 | 1.744 |
Kurtosis | 0.100 | −0.715 | 0.632 | −0.712 | −0.053 | 1.827 | −0.297 | −0.354 | 2.918 | 1.658 | 2.650 |
Tolerance | 0.626 | 0.813 | 0.662 | 0.877 | 0.639 | 0.587 | 0.713 | 0.761 | 0.606 | 0.686 | |
VIF | 1.598 | 1.230 | 1.511 | 1.140 | 1.564 | 1.704 | 1.402 | 1.314 | 1.649 | 1.457 |
Sex | N | M | SD | t(771) | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Adiction Internet Total | Man | 306 | 1.78 | 0.67 | −0.11 | 0.910 | 0.64 |
Woman | 467 | 1.79 | 0.62 | ||||
2. Dirty Dozen Machiavellianism | Man | 306 | 2.36 | 0.82 | 2.47 | 0.014 | 0.80 |
Woman | 467 | 2.22 | 0.80 | ||||
3. Dirty Dozen Psychopathy | Man | 306 | 1.93 | 0.78 | 3.48 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
Woman | 467 | 1.74 | 0.68 | ||||
4. Dirty Dozen Narcissism | Man | 306 | 2.50 | 0.95 | 2.92 | 0.004 | 0.92 |
Woman | 467 | 2.30 | 0.90 | ||||
5. Cyberstalking Total | Man | 306 | 1.85 | 0.62 | −2.87 | 0.004 | 0.65 |
Woman | 467 | 1.98 | 0.68 | ||||
6. Cyberstalking Control | Man | 306 | 1.51 | 0.63 | 0.99 | 0.322 | 0.64 |
Woman | 467 | 1.46 | 0.64 | ||||
7. Cyberstalking Justification | Man | 306 | 2.15 | 0.79 | −3.89 | <0.001 | 0.89 |
Woman | 467 | 2.39 | 0.94 | ||||
8. Cyberstalking Time | Man | 306 | 1.92 | 0.88 | −4.11 | <0.001 | 0.96 |
Woman | 467 | 2.21 | 1.01 | ||||
9. Online Harassment Total | Man | 306 | 1.78 | 0.76 | −1.97 | 0.049 | 0.87 |
Woman | 467 | 1.90 | 0.94 | ||||
10. Flaming Total | Man | 306 | 2.48 | 1.42 | 6.66 | <0.001 | 1.22 |
Woman | 467 | 1.85 | 1.06 | ||||
11. TrollingTotal | Man | 306 | 1.78 | 0.93 | 5.70 | <0.001 | 0.80 |
Woman | 467 | 1.42 | 0.70 |
Romantic Relationship | N | M | SD | t(771) | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Adiction Internet Total | No | 331 | 1.97 | 0.63 | 7.19 | <0.001 | 0.62 |
Yes | 442 | 1.65 | 0.61 | ||||
2. Dirty Dozen Machiavellianism | No | 331 | 2.29 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.548 | 0.81 |
Yes | 442 | 2.26 | 0.81 | ||||
3 Dirty Dozen Psychopathy | No | 331 | 1.89 | 0.77 | 2.41 | 0.016 | 0.73 |
Yes | 442 | 1.76 | 0.69 | ||||
4. Dirty Dozen Narcissism | No | 331 | 2.38 | 0.93 | 0.04 | 0.969 | 0.93 |
Yes | 442 | 2.38 | 0.93 | ||||
5. Cyberstalking Total | No | 331 | 1.95 | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.371 | 0.66 |
Yes | 442 | 1.91 | 0.69 | ||||
6. Cyberstalking Control | No | 331 | 1.48 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.975 | 0.64 |
Yes | 442 | 1.48 | 0.65 | ||||
7. Cyberstalking Justification | No | 331 | 2.25 | 0.78 | −1.30 | 0.193 | 0.89 |
Yes | 442 | 2.33 | 0.97 | ||||
8. Cyberstalking Time | No | 331 | 2.31 | 0.98 | 5.35 | <0.001 | 0.96 |
Yes | 442 | 1.94 | 0.93 | ||||
9. Online Harassment Total | No | 331 | 1.94 | 0.85 | 2.63 | 0.009 | 0.87 |
Yes | 442 | 1.78 | 0.88 | ||||
10. Flaming Total | No | 331 | 2.21 | 1.24 | 2.07 | 0.039 | 1.25 |
Yes | 442 | 2.02 | 1.26 | ||||
11. TrollingTotal | No | 331 | 1.61 | 0.84 | 1.36 | 0.176 | 0.82 |
Yes | 442 | 1.53 | 0.81 |
β (t) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyberstalking Total | Cyberstalking Control | Cyberstalking Justification | Cyberstalking Time | Online Harassment | Flaming | Trolling | ||
Block 1 | Gender | 0.163 (5.222) *** | 0.023 (0.679) ns | 0.185 (5.734) *** | 0.182 (5.579) *** | 0.095 (2.913) ** | −0.200 (−6.491) *** | −0.169 (−5.119) *** |
Age | −0.075 (−2.353) * | 0.075 (2.185) * | −0.098 (−2.974) ** | −0.172 (−5.160) *** | −0.286 (−8.594) *** | −0.238 (−7.590) *** | −0.123 (−3.632) *** | |
Block 2 | Machiavellianism | 0.214 (5.766) *** | 0.173 (4.347) *** | 0.175 (4.585) *** | 0.174 (4.486) *** | 0.250 (6.472) *** | 0.216 (5.901) *** | 0.180 (4.587) *** |
Psychopathy | 0.101 (3.049 ** | 0.161 (4.532) *** | 0.055 (1.617) ns | 0.029 (0.832) ns | 0.060 (1.720) ns | 0.195 (5.976) *** | 0.159 (4.538) *** | |
Narcissism | 0.301(8.287) *** | 0.205 (5.250) *** | 0.286 (7.630) *** | 0.225 (5.907) *** | 0.016 (0.422) ns | 0.059 (1.655) ns | 0.079 (2.048) * | |
R2adj | 0.264 | 0.154 | 0.217 | 0.195 | 0.198 | 0.285 | 0.174 | |
F(3, 767) | 79.874 | 47.901 | 56.575 | 38.815 | 23.945 | 44.122 | 24.591 | |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Leite, Â.; Cardoso, S.; Monteiro, A.P. Dark Personality Traits and Online Behaviors: Portuguese Versions of Cyberstalking, Online Harassment, Flaming and Trolling Scales. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126136
Leite Â, Cardoso S, Monteiro AP. Dark Personality Traits and Online Behaviors: Portuguese Versions of Cyberstalking, Online Harassment, Flaming and Trolling Scales. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(12):6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126136
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeite, Ângela, Susana Cardoso, and Ana Paula Monteiro. 2023. "Dark Personality Traits and Online Behaviors: Portuguese Versions of Cyberstalking, Online Harassment, Flaming and Trolling Scales" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12: 6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126136