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Article

Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy)

by
Massimo Deligios
1,†,
Vittorio Mazzarello
1,†,
Maura Fiamma
2,
Aleksandra Barac
3,
Lorenzo Diana
1,
Marco Ferrari
1,
Manuela Murgia
1,
Bianca Paglietti
1 and
Salvatore Rubino
1,*
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
2
Laboratorio Analisi, Ospedale “San Francesco”, ASSL Nuoro, 08100 Sardinia, Italy
3
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237134
Submission received: 6 September 2023 / Revised: 10 November 2023 / Accepted: 29 November 2023 / Published: 1 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Microbiology: Perspectives for Medicine and Public Health)
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Abstract

Background: The goal of this study was to monitor the microbial biodiversity in beach sand that is heavily visited by tourists during the summer, and to determinate whether the high presence of bathers (around 5000 per day) can modify sand microbial composition. Methods: Between 2016 and 2020, 150 sand samples were collected from nine different points at La Pelosa beach in Sardinia, Italy. Non-culturing methods were used; DNA extraction and meta-barcode sequencing were performed. All samples were analyzed with sequencing methods for 16S and ITS sequences. Results: Fungal genera differ on the three beaches and in the winter/summer zones. The ITS sequence showed the most common presence of Candida during summer and Paradendryphiella in the winter. The greatest diversity was found in the dune during winter, while in other parts of the beach, there are differences between bacteria and fungi, particularly in the wash zone during the winter, with high diversity for 16S sequences but low diversity for ITS sequences. Conclusions: It appears reasonable that the sands, even on non-urban beaches, should be included in health monitoring programs in addition to the waters, and that access to them should be regulated by limiting the number of bathers with the aim of reducing the presence of pathogenic fungal species.
Keywords: fungi; skin; microbiota; beach; sand fungi; skin; microbiota; beach; sand

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MDPI and ACS Style

Deligios, M.; Mazzarello, V.; Fiamma, M.; Barac, A.; Diana, L.; Ferrari, M.; Murgia, M.; Paglietti, B.; Rubino, S. Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 7134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237134

AMA Style

Deligios M, Mazzarello V, Fiamma M, Barac A, Diana L, Ferrari M, Murgia M, Paglietti B, Rubino S. Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(23):7134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237134

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deligios, Massimo, Vittorio Mazzarello, Maura Fiamma, Aleksandra Barac, Lorenzo Diana, Marco Ferrari, Manuela Murgia, Bianca Paglietti, and Salvatore Rubino. 2023. "Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 23: 7134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237134

APA Style

Deligios, M., Mazzarello, V., Fiamma, M., Barac, A., Diana, L., Ferrari, M., Murgia, M., Paglietti, B., & Rubino, S. (2023). Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(23), 7134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237134

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