Effect of Peanut Butter Intake on Sleep Health in Firefighters: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Protocol
2.3.1. Actigraphy
2.3.2. VAS
2.3.3. Peanut Butter
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sleep Variables
3.2. VAS Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control (n = 18; 0 Women) | PB (n = 20; 1 Woman) | All (n = 38; 1 Woman) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 37.06 (6.45) | 33.35 (9.07) | 35.11 (8.05) |
Height (cm) | 179.07 (7.19) | 178.31 (7.49) | 178.67 (7.26) |
Weight (kg) | 100.74 (26.97) | 101.13 (26.25) | 100.95 (26.23) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.15 (7.72) | 31.89 (8.36) | 31.55 (7.97) |
Body Fat (%) | 24.26 (7.64) | 25.96 (10.13) | 25.18 (9.00) |
Race (n) | |||
White | 17 | 16 | 33 |
Black or African American | 1 | 3 | 4 |
Asian | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Ethnicity (n) | |||
Hispanic | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Non-Hispanic | 17 | 19 | 36 |
Week | Control | PB | Effect Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Latency | 1 | 9.66 (16.59) | 5.35 (16.59) | 0.26 |
2 | 16.10 (17.52) | 9.80 (18.18) | 0.40 | |
3 | 13.54 (18.31) | 6.03 (19.40) | 0.49 | |
4 | 10.49 (18.74) | 10.39 (19.38) | 0.01 | |
5 | 9.38 (19.21) | 10.18 (21.23) | 0.05 | |
6 | 13.19 (20.34) | 12.29 (22.04) | 0.06 | |
7 | 16.19 (21.10) | 16.02 (24.28) | 0.01 | |
8 | 15.75 (21.10) | 20.85 (25.91) | 0.38 | |
Efficiency | 1 | 0.85 (0.10) | 0.87 (0.10) | 0.17 |
2 | 0.85 (0.11) | 0.87 (0.11) | 0.20 | |
3 | 0.85 (0.11) | 0.89 (0.12) | 0.42 | |
4 | 0.82 (0.11) | 0.87 (0.12) | 0.57 | |
5 | 0.83 (0.11) | 0.86 (0.13) | 0.34 | |
6 | 0.82 (0.12) | 0.89 (0.13) | 0.75 | |
7 | 0.85 (0.13) | 0.86 (0.15) | 0.09 | |
8 | 0.85 (0.13) | 0.82 (0.16) | 0.37 | |
Time in Bed | 1 | 465.97 (102.04) | 503.09 (102.04) | 0.36 |
2 | 494.38 (108.02) | 523.17 (112.24) | 0.29 | |
3 | 489.80 (113.06) | 500.51 (120.02) | 0.11 | |
4 | 497.84 (115.80) | 473.03 (119.91) | 0.26 | |
5 | 519.01 (118.34) | 522.48 (131.75) | 0.04 | |
6 | 545.77 (126.13) | 492.34 (136.96) | 0.61 | |
7 | 551.76 (130.96) | 549.39 (151.26) | 0.03 | |
8 | 554.15 (130.96) | 567.77 (161.64) | 0.16 | |
Time asleep | 1 | 401.53 (238.75) | 443.03 (238.75) | 0.17 |
2 | 424.59 (252.76) | 449.80 (262.64) | 0.75 | |
3 | 420.88 (264.56) | 438.70 (280.88) | 0.32 | |
4 | 406.47 (270.99) | 412.98 (280.63) | 0.26 | |
5 | 440.64 (278.10) | 452.08 (308.34) | 0.31 | |
6 | 462.99 (295.19) | 436.06 (320.57) | 0.13 | |
7 | 471.85 (306.51) | 473.76 (354.06) | 0.28 | |
8 | 471.18 (306.51) | 466.97 (378.38) | 0.25 | |
Wake after Sleep Onset | 1 | 54.79 (42.14) | 54.66 (42.14) | 0.00 |
2 | 53.92 (45.35) | 58.14 (47.50) | 0.10 | |
3 | 55.24 (48.06) | 53.05 (51.78) | 0.05 | |
4 | 81.81 (49.58) | 47.10 (51.74) | 0.86 | |
5 | 69.85 (51.26) | 56.59 (58.15) | 0.34 | |
6 | 69.83 (55.30) | 40.23 (60.97) | 0.76 | |
7 | 65.29 (57.94) | 54.69 (68.62) | 0.28 | |
8 | 68.79 (57.94) | 76.56 (74.12) | 0.21 | |
Number of awakenings | 1 | 8.67 (6.55) | 9.76 (6.55) | 0.17 |
2 | 9.54 (6.86) | 10.12 (7.08) | 0.09 | |
3 | 9.20 (7.12) | 8.33 (7.48) | 0.15 | |
4 | 8.89 (7.26) | 5.96 (7.47) | 0.50 | |
5 | 9.51 (7.41) | 9.56 (8.08) | 0.01 | |
6 | 7.27 (7.78) | 6.19 (8.35) | 0.20 | |
7 | 6.84 (8.03) | 8.07 (9.09) | 0.24 | |
8 | 7.31 (8.03 | 6.59 (9.64) | 0.14 | |
Time spent awake | 1 | 8.72 (13.53) | 9.64 (17.88) | 0.05 |
2 | 8.62 (14.72) | 6.86 (20.56) | 0.10 | |
3 | 11.19 (15.74) | 6.37 (22.84) | 0.27 | |
4 | 17.90 (16.32) | 8.52 (22.83) | 1.08 | |
5 | 12.75 (16.97) | 7.65 (26.21) | 0.28 | |
6 | 14.13 (18.55) | 4.54 (27.71) | 0.53 | |
7 | 18.72 (19.57) | 7.82 (31.77) | 0.60 | |
8 | 9.27 (19.57) | 10.63 (34.66) | 0.11 |
Interaction and Main Effects | df | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Latency | Group | 1, 34.69 | 0.12 | 0.726 |
Week | 7, 130.38 | 1.98 | 0.063 | |
Group × Week | 7, 130.83 | 0.69 | 0.678 | |
Efficiency | Group | 1, 38.95 | 0.84 | 0.364 |
Week | 7, 135.83 | 0.45 | 0.870 | |
Group × Week | 7, 135.83 | 0.71 | 0.662 | |
Time in Bed | Group | 1, 37.37 | 0.00 | 0.955 |
Week | 7, 133.22 | 2.88 | 0.008 * | |
Group × Week | 7, 133.22 | 1.02 | 0.417 | |
Time asleep | Group | 1, 37.43 | 0.07 | 0.796 |
Week | 7, 132.43 | 1.72 | 0.110 | |
Group × Week | 7, 132.43 | 0.53 | 0.808 | |
Wake after Sleep Onset | Group | 1, 40.79 | 0.81 | 0.374 |
Week | 7, 139.42 | 0.66 | 0.706 | |
Group × Week | 7, 139.42 | 1.18 | 0.320 | |
Number of awakenings | Group | 1, 36.84 | 0.03 | 0.865 |
Week | 7, 131.49 | 2.11 | 0.047 * | |
Group × Week | 7, 131.49 | 0.78 | 0.605 | |
Time spent awake | Group | 1, 35.12 | 2.26 | 0.142 |
Week | 7, 140.68 | 0.65 | 0.711 | |
Group × Week | 7, 140.68 | 0.76 | 0.619 |
Variable | Week | Control | PB | Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AM | PM | AM | PM | AM | PM | ||
Mood | 1 | 7.22 (0.28) | 7.50 (0.28) | 6.97 (0.28) | 7.28 (0.28) | 0.20 | 0.18 |
2 | 7.19 (0.28) | 7.37 (0.28) | 7.14 (0.28) | 7.13 (0.28) | 0.04 | 0.20 | |
3 | 7.21 (0.28) | 7.32 (0.28) | 7.23 (0.28) | 7.42 (0.28) | 0.02 | 0.08 | |
4 | 7.10 (0.28) | 7.03 (0.28) | 7.00 (0.28) | 7.19 (0.28) | 0.07 | 0.13 | |
5 | 7.32 (0.29) | 7.22 (0.28) | 7.28 (0.28) | 7.30 (0.28) | 0.03 | 0.06 | |
6 | 7.10 (0.29) | 7.12 (0.29) | 7.22 (0.28) | 7.35 (0.28) | 0.10 | 0.19 | |
7 | 7.31 (0.29) | 7.24 (0.29) | 7.25 (0.28) | 7.34 (0.28) | 0.06 | 0.08 | |
8 | 7.34 (0.30) | 7.03 (0.29) | 7.27 (0.29) | 7.21 (0.29) | 0.06 | 0.16 | |
Focus | 1 | 7.38 (0.34) | 7.04 (0.34) | 6.62 (0.33) | 6.65 (0.33) | 0.51 | 0.27 |
2 | 7.38 (0.34) | 7.13 (0.34) | 7.17 (0.33) | 6.89 (0.33) | 0.14 | 0.16 | |
3 | 7.45 (0.34) | 7.17 (0.34) | 7.17 (0.33) | 7.17 (0.33) | 0.19 | 0.00 | |
4 | 7.24 (0.34) | 7.04 (0.34) | 7.15 (0.33) | 7.11 (0.33) | 0.06 | 0.05 | |
5 | 7.39 (0.34) | 7.35 (0.34) | 7.26 (0.33) | 6.71 (0.33) | 0.09 | 0.45 | |
6 | 7.42 (0.34) | 7.26 (0.34) | 7.46 (0.33) | 7.21 (0.33) | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
7 | 7.56 (0.35) | 7.06 (0.35) | 7.41 (0.33) | 7.22 (0.33) | 0.11 | 0.12 | |
8 | 7.45 (0.35) | 7.20 (0.35) | 7.19 (0.34) | 7.34 (0.34) | 0.19 | 0.10 | |
Alertness | 1 | 8.15 (0.35) | 7.82 (0.35) | 7.13 (0.34) | 7.32 (0.34) | 0.67 | 0.33 |
2 | 8.12 (0.35) | 7.93 (0.35) | 7.48 (0.34) | 7.16 (0.34) | 0.42 | 0.51 | |
3 | 8.03 (0.35) | 7.97 (0.35) | 7.49 (0.34) | 7.63 (0.34) | 0.36 | 0.23 | |
4 | 7.89 (0.35) | 8.03 (0.35) | 7.54 (0.34) | 7.63 (0.34) | 0.24 | 0.27 | |
5 | 8.19 (0.35) | 7.99 (0.35) | 7.66 (0.34) | 7.25 (0.34) | 0.36 | 0.50 | |
6 | 8.07 (0.35) | 7.70 (0.35) | 7.74 (0.34) | 7.62 (0.34) | 0.22 | 0.05 | |
7 | 7.95 (0.36) | 7.78 (0.36) | 7.71 (0.34) | 7.40 (0.34) | 0.17 | 0.26 | |
8 | 8.28 (0.36) | 7.89 (0.36) | 7.63 (0.35) | 7.50 (0.35) | 0.46 | 0.27 |
Interaction Effects | df | F | p | |
Mood | Week × Group | 7, 518.43 | 0.61 | 0.752 |
TOD × Group | 1, 518.05 | 0.69 | 0.405 | |
Week × TOD × Group | 7, 518.01 | 0.19 | 0.987 | |
Focus | Week × Group | 7, 518.26 | 1.34 | 0.229 |
TOD × Group | 1, 517.95 | 0.72 | 0.396 | |
Week × TOD × Group | 7, 517.92 | 0.72 | 0.656 | |
Alertness | Week × Group | 7, 518.15 | 1.48 | 0.170 |
TOD × Group | 1, 517.93 | 0.62 | 0.432 | |
Week × TOD × Group | 7, 517.91 | 0.64 | 0.721 | |
Main effects | df | F | p | |
Mood | Week | 7, 518.43 | 0.73 | 0.645 |
TOD | 1, 518.05 | 0.91 | 0.342 | |
Group | 1, 36.93 | 0.00 | 0.992 | |
Focus | Week | 7, 518.26 | 2.20 | 0.033 * |
TOD | 1, 517.95 | 9.29 | 0.002 * | |
Group | 1, 36.81 | 0.19 | 0.668 | |
Alertness | Week | 7, 518.15 | 0.80 | 0.592 |
TOD | 1, 517.93 | 6.97 | 0.009 * | |
Group | 1, 36.86 | 1.28 | 0.266 |
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Oberther, T.J.; Moore, A.R.; Kohler, A.A.; Shuler, D.H.; Peritore, N.; Holland-Winkler, A.M. Effect of Peanut Butter Intake on Sleep Health in Firefighters: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050571
Oberther TJ, Moore AR, Kohler AA, Shuler DH, Peritore N, Holland-Winkler AM. Effect of Peanut Butter Intake on Sleep Health in Firefighters: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(5):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050571
Chicago/Turabian StyleOberther, Tiffany J., Andrew R. Moore, Austin A. Kohler, David H. Shuler, Nicole Peritore, and Angelia M. Holland-Winkler. 2024. "Effect of Peanut Butter Intake on Sleep Health in Firefighters: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 5: 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050571