Mortality among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2007–2021)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample and Design
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trends in the Mortality among HIV-Negative PWID and HIV-Positive PWID (2007–2021)
3.2. Mortality Rates among HIV-Negative PWID and HIV-Positive PWID
3.3. Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with Mortality among HIV-Positive PWID
3.4. Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with Mortality among HIV-Negative PWID
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Covariates | HIV-Negative PWID | HIV-Positive PWID | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n) | No. of Deaths | MR (95% CI) | Total (n) | No. of Deaths | MR (95% CI) | |
HIV status by year of registration | ||||||
2007–2011 | 3976 | 352 | 89 (79–98) | 612 | 61 | 99 (73–126) |
2012–2016 | 2465 | 136 | 55 (46–65) | 1044 | 105 | 100 (80–120) |
2017–2021 | 5104 | 152 | 30 (25–35) | 1480 | 86 | 58 (45–71) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 10,886 | 610 | 56 (51–61) | 2675 | 199 | 74 (64–85) |
Female | 658 | 30 | 46 (29–62) | 461 | 53 | 115 (82–148) |
Age | ||||||
18–24 years | 5359 | 258 | 48 (42–54) | 1339 | 93 | 69 (55–84) |
25–34 years | 4943 | 311 | 63 (56–70) | 1430 | 132 | 92 (76–109) |
35+ years | 999 | 57 | 57 (41–72) | 294 | 20 | 68 (37–98) |
Marital status | ||||||
Not married | 7219 | 404 | 56 (50–62) | 1704 | 119 | 70 (57–83) |
Married | 2625 | 113 | 43 (35–51) | 624 | 44 | 71 (49–92) |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 1676 | 117 | 70 (57–83) | 791 | 81 | 102 (79–126) |
Education status | ||||||
Primary (0–6 years) | 1632 | 104 | 64 (51–76) | 353 | 35 | 99 (65–134) |
Middle (7–9 years) | 3896 | 243 | 62 (54–70) | 1102 | 109 | 99 (79–118) |
Higher (10–12 years) | 5564 | 270 | 49 (43–54) | 1559 | 102 | 65 (52–79) |
Graduate and above | 431 | 20 | 46 (26–67) | 118 | 6 | 51 (9–92) |
Employment status | ||||||
Unemployed | 6195 | 396 | 64 (57–70) | 1438 | 108 | 75 (60–90) |
Employed | 4040 | 198 | 49 (42–56) | 1350 | 114 | 84 (68–101) |
Self- employed | 1308 | 46 | 35 (25–46) | 346 | 30 | 87 (54–119) |
Average monthly income (INR) | ||||||
None | 4432 | 344 | 78 (69–86) | 879 | 75 | 85 (65–105) |
<3000 | 3186 | 129 | 40 (33–48) | 1189 | 93 | 78 (62–95) |
3001–6000 | 2493 | 120 | 48 (39–57) | 628 | 55 | 88 (63–112) |
6001–10,000 | 928 | 20 | 22 (12–31) | 270 | 20 | 74 (40–108) |
>10,000 | 451 | 25 | 56 (33–78) | 119 | 7 | 59 (14–104) |
Sharing of needles/syringes | ||||||
No | 8467 | 450 | 53 (48–58) | 2016 | 164 | 81 (68–94) |
Yes | 3021 | 190 | 63 (53–72) | 1106 | 88 | 80 (62–97) |
Condom use with regular partner | ||||||
No | 3393 | 181 | 53 (45–61) | 1149 | 120 | 104 (85–124) |
Yes | 7334 | 418 | 57 (51–63) | 1572 | 110 | 70 (56–84) |
Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
HIV status by year of registration | ||||
2007–2011 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
2012–2016 | 1.01 (0.72–1.14) | 0.953 | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 0.976 |
2017–2021 | 0.55 (0.39–0.78) | 0.001 | 0.57 (0.38–0.82) | 0.002 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 | |||
Female | 1.61 (1.17–2.22) | 0.003 | ||
Age | ||||
18–24 | 1 | |||
25–34 | 1.36 (1.03–1.79) | 0.028 | ||
>35 | 0.97 (0.59–1.61) | 0.930 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | ||
Married | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 0.955 | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | 0.832 |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.52 (1.13–2.04) | 0.006 | 1.41 (1.03–1.94) | 0.032 |
Education status | ||||
Primary (0–6 years) | 1 | |||
Middle (7–9 years) | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 0.990 | ||
Higher (10–12 years) | 0.64 (0.42–0.95) | 0.028 | ||
Graduate and above | 0.49 (0.20–1.18) | 0.114 | ||
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed | 1 | |||
Employed | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 0.363 | ||
Self employed | 1.16 (0.76–1.78) | 0.469 | ||
Average monthly income (INR) | ||||
None | 1 | |||
<3000 | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | 0.559 | ||
3001–6000 | 1.02 (0.71–1.48) | 0.878 | ||
6001–10,000 | 0.85 (0.51–1.43) | 0.557 | ||
>10,000 | 0.62 (0.28–1.37) | 0.232 | ||
Sharing of needles/syringes | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.97 (0.75–1.28) | 0.861 | ||
Condom use with regular partner | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 0.65 (0.49–0.85) | 0.002 | 0.72 (0.55–0.96) | 0.025 |
Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
HIV status | ||||
2007–2011 | 1 | 1 | ||
2012–2016 | 0.60 (0.49–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.47–0.72) | <0.001 |
2017–2021 | 0.31 (0.26–0.38) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 | |||
Female | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.257 | ||
Age | ||||
18–24 | 1 | 1 | ||
25–34 | 1.31 (1.12–1.57) | 0.001 | 1.54 (1.29–1.84) | <0.001 |
>35 | 1.19 (0.89–1.61) | 0.234 | 2.08 (1.52–2.86) | <0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | ||
Married | 0.75 (0.61–0.93) | 0.011 | 0.72 (0.57–0.90) | 0.005 |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.26 (1.02–1.57) | 0.030 | 1.28 (1.02–1.61) | 0.033 |
Education status | ||||
Primary (0–6 years) | 1 | |||
Middle (7–9 years) | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) | 0.850 | ||
Higher (10–12 years) | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.015 | ||
Graduate and above | 0.71 (0.44–1.17) | 0.180 | ||
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | ||
Employed | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | 0.002 | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) | 0.012 |
Self employed | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) | 0.17 |
Average monthly income (INR) | ||||
None | 1 | 1 | ||
<3000 | 0.50 (0.41–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.46–0.72) | <0.001 |
3001–6000 | 0.60 (0.48–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) | 0.001 |
6001–10,000 | 0.26 (0.16–0.41) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.20–0.55) | <0.001 |
>10,000 | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 0.091 | 1.08 (0.67–1.72) | 0.739 |
Sharing of needles/syringes | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.19 (1.0–1.42) | 0.045 | 1.64 (1.34–2.00) | <0.001 |
Condom use with regular partner | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | 0.444 |
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Pachuau, L.N.; Tannous, C.; Chawngthu, R.L.; Agho, K.E. Mortality among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2007–2021). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070874
Pachuau LN, Tannous C, Chawngthu RL, Agho KE. Mortality among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2007–2021). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(7):874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070874
Chicago/Turabian StylePachuau, Lucy Ngaihbanglovi, Caterina Tannous, Richard Lalramhluna Chawngthu, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho. 2024. "Mortality among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2007–2021)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 7: 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070874