Overrepresentation of New Workers in Jobs with Multiple Carcinogen Exposures in Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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New Worker Status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Workforce | Yes 1 | No 1 | ||
Characteristic | N = 608,724 | 66,775 (11.0%) | 541,949 (89.0%) | p 2 |
Age (years) | <0.001 | |||
<25 | 91,715 (15.1) | 27,512 (41.2) | 64,203 (11.8) | |
25–39 | 204,165 (33.5) | 21,422 (32.1) | 182,743 (33.7) | |
40–59 | 271,763 (44.6) | 15,730 (23.6) | 256,033 (47.2) | |
60+ | 41,081 (6.7) | 2111 (3.2) | 38,970 (7.2) | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Female | 306,938 (50.4) | 31,254 (46.8) | 275,684 (50.9) | |
Male | 301,786 (49.6) | 35,521 (53.2) | 266,265 (49.1) | |
Education Attainment | <0.001 | |||
0–8 years | 8417 (1.4) | 1269 (1.9) | 7148 (1.3) | |
Some high school | 49,521 (8.1) | 10,113 (15.1) | 39,408 (7.3) | |
High school graduate | 124,480 (20.4) | 15,135 (22.7) | 109,345 (20.2) | |
Some postsecondary | 41,602 (6.8) | 7705 (11.5) | 33,897 (6.3) | |
Postsecondary/Diploma | 230,205 (37.8) | 20,791 (31.1) | 209,414 (38.6) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 110,010 (18.1) | 8665 (13.0) | 101,345 (18.7) | |
Above Bachelor | 44,489 (7.3) | 3097 (4.6) | 41,392 (7.6) | |
Immigration status | <0.001 | |||
Citizen | 511,069 (84.0) | 56,753 (85.0) | 454,316 (83.8) | |
Former immigrant (>10 years) | 60,275 (9.9) | 4666 (7.0) | 55,609 (10.3) | |
Recent immigrant (<10 years) | 37,380 (6.1) | 5356 (8.0) | 32,024 (5.9) | |
Industry (NAICS) | <0.001 | |||
Accommodation and Food Services | 44,403 (7.3) | 8950 (13.4) | 35,453 (6.5) | |
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting | 9562 (1.6) | 1761 (2.6) | 7801 (1.4) | |
Business and Building Services | 19,848 (3.3) | 3487 (5.2) | 16,361 (3.0) | |
Construction | 42,583 (7.0) | 7078 (10.6) | 35,505 (6.6) | |
Educational Services | 50,543 (8.3) | 3408 (5.1) | 47,135 (8.7) | |
Finance and insurance | 24,129 (4.0) | 1451 (2.2) | 22,678 (4.2) | |
Health Care and Social Assistance | 87,596 (14.4) | 5806 (8.7) | 81,790 (15.1) | |
Information, Culture and Recreation | 22,226 (3.7) | 3527 (5.3) | 18,699 (3.5) | |
Manufacturing | 62,840 (10.3) | 5503 (8.2) | 57,337 (10.6) | |
Mining, Oil, and Gas | 15,239 (2.5) | 1531 (2.3) | 13,708 (2.5) | |
Other services | 21,461 (3.5) | 2675 (4.0) | 18,786 (3.5) | |
Professional, Scientific, and Technical | 28,444 (4.7) | 2895 (4.3) | 25,549 (4.7) | |
Public Administration | 40,465 (6.6) | 2432 (3.6) | 38,033 (7.0) | |
Real estate and rental | 6896 (1.1) | 783 (1.2) | 6113 (1.1) | |
Retail trade | 77,049 (12.7) | 10,742 (16.1) | 66,307 (12.2) | |
Transportation and warehousing | 29,114 (4.8) | 2807 (4.2) | 26,307 (4.9) | |
Utilities | 5874 (1.0) | 271 (0.4) | 5603 (1.0) | |
Wholesale trade | 20,452 (3.4) | 1668 (2.5) | 18,784 (3.5) | |
Occupation (NOC) | <0.001 | |||
Manufacturing and Utilities | 33,087 (5.4) | 3289 (4.9) | 29,798 (5.5) | |
Art, Culture, Rec, and Sport | 10,699 (1.8) | 1960 (2.9) | 8739 (1.6) | |
Business, Finance, and Administration | 97,202 (16.0) | 8006 (12.0) | 89,196 (16.5) | |
Education, Law, Social, and Government | 72,551 (11.9) | 5217 (7.8) | 67,334 (12.4) | |
Health | 50,006 (8.2) | 2769 (4.1) | 47,237 (8.7) | |
Management | 35,902 (5.9) | 1427 (2.1) | 34,475 (6.4) | |
Natural Resources, Agriculture | 16,349 (2.7) | 3357 (5.0) | 12,992 (2.4) | |
Natural and Applied Science | 42,053 (6.9) | 3286 (4.9) | 38,767 (7.2) | |
Sales and Service | 157,631 (25.9) | 24,785 (37.1) | 132,846 (24.5) | |
Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators | 93,244 (15.3) | 12,679 (19.0) | 80,565 (14.9) | |
Union membership | <0.001 | |||
Contract | 11,771 (1.9) | 1461 (2.2) | 10,310 (1.9) | |
Member | 188,665 (31.0) | 9964 (14.9) | 178,701 (33.0) | |
Non-unionized | 408,288 (67.1) | 55,350 (82.9) | 352,938 (65.1) | |
Firm size (employees) | <0.001 | |||
<20 | 115,292 (18.9) | 18,796 (28.1) | 96,496 (17.8) | |
20–99 | 101,250 (16.6) | 13,665 (20.5) | 87,585 (16.2) | |
100–500 | 89,964 (14.8) | 9505 (14.2) | 80,459 (14.8) | |
500+ | 302,218 (49.6) | 24,809 (37.2) | 277,409 (51.2) | |
Job type | <0.001 | |||
Contract | 41,380 (6.8) | 12,667 (19.0) | 28,713 (5.3) | |
Temporary | 21,414 (3.5) | 5782 (8.7) | 15,632 (2.9) | |
Permanent | 525,539 (86.3) | 40,164 (60.1) | 485,375 (89.6) | |
Seasonal | 20,391 (3.3) | 8162 (12.2) | 12,229 (2.3) | |
Hourly rate | <0.001 | |||
CAD 15.00 and less | 150,664 (24.8) | 33,344 (49.9) | 117,320 (21.6) | |
CAD 15.25–CAD 22.00 | 152,057 (25.0) | 16,436 (24.6) | 135,621 (25.0) | |
CAD 22.00–CAD 32.50 | 152,576 (25.1) | 10,223 (15.3) | 142,353 (26.3) | |
> CAD 32.50 | 153,427 (25.2) | 6772 (10.1) | 146,655 (27.1) | |
Season | <0.001 | |||
Spring | 150,995 (24.8) | 13,964 (20.9) | 137,031 (25.3) | |
Summer | 155,501 (25.5) | 20,540 (30.8) | 134,961 (24.9) | |
Fall | 152,760 (25.1) | 17,480 (26.2) | 135,280 (25.0) | |
Winter | 149,468 (24.6) | 14,791 (22.2) | 134,677 (24.9) | |
Region | <0.001 | |||
Atlantic | 92,331 (15.2) | 10,822 (16.2) | 81,509 (15.0) | |
British Columbia | 70,410 (11.6) | 8591 (12.9) | 61,819 (11.4) | |
Ontario | 163,118 (26.8) | 16,780 (25.1) | 146,338 (27.0) | |
Prairies | 176,954 (29.1) | 19,177 (28.7) | 157,777 (29.1) | |
Quebec | 105,911 (17.4) | 11,405 (17.1) | 94,506 (17.4) |
Industry | New Workers (%) | Common Exposures | Exposures-per-Worker Metric |
---|---|---|---|
Accommodation and Food Services | 20.2 | Night shift work, Gasoline engine exhaust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 0.44 |
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and hunting | 18.4 | Solar radiation, Glyphosate, 2,4-D | 1.29 |
Business, building & other support services | 17.6 | Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust, Night shift work | 0.56 |
Construction | 16.6 | Solar radiation, Silica, Wood dust | 1.34 |
Information, culture and Recreation | 15.9 | Night shift work, Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust, | 0.21 |
Retail trade | 13.9 | Night shift work, Gasoline engine exhaust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 0.28 |
Other services | 12.5 | Gasoline engine exhaust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Welding fumes | 0.63 |
Real estate and rental | 11.4 | Gasoline engine exhaust, Night shift work, Solar radiation, | 0.43 |
Professional, Science and Tech | 10.2 | Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust, Ionizing radiation | 0.14 |
Mining, quarrying, Oil and Gas | 10.0 | Diesel engine exhaust, Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust | 1.18 |
Transportation and warehousing | 9.6 | Diesel engine exhaust, Gasoline engine exhaust, Solar radiation | 1.61 |
Overall workforce | 11.0 | Night shift work, Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust | 0.56 |
Occupational Groups | New Workers (%) | Common Exposures | Exposures-per-Worker Metric |
---|---|---|---|
Natural Resources, Agriculture and related production | 20.5 | Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust, Diesel engine exhaust | 1.57 |
Art, culture, recreation and sport | 18.3 | Solar radiation, Night shift work, Chloroform | 0.19 |
Sales and service occupations | 15.7 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Gasoline engine exhaust, Night shift work | 0.35 |
Trades, transport and equipment operators | 13.6 | Gasoline engine exhaust, Diesel engine exhaust, Solar radiation | 1.98 |
Manufacturing and utilities | 9.9 | Night shift work, Benzene, Wood dust | 0.77 |
Business, Finance, and Administration | 8.2 | Night shift work, Gasoline engine exhaust, Solar radiation | 0.14 |
Natural and applied sciences and related occupations | 7.8 | Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust, Night shift work | 0.20 |
Education, law and social, community and government services | 7.2 | Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust, Night shift work | 0.23 |
Health care | 5.5 | Night shift work, Antineoplastic agents, Ionizing radiation | 0.38 |
Management | 4.0 | Solar radiation, Night shift work, Second hand smoke | 0.15 |
Overall workforce | 11.0 | Night shift work, Solar radiation, Gasoline engine exhaust | 0.56 |
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Share and Cite
Katende, D.; Rydz, E.; Quinn, E.K.; Heer, E.; Shrestha, R.; Fazel, S.S.; Peters, C.E. Overrepresentation of New Workers in Jobs with Multiple Carcinogen Exposures in Canada. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081013
Katende D, Rydz E, Quinn EK, Heer E, Shrestha R, Fazel SS, Peters CE. Overrepresentation of New Workers in Jobs with Multiple Carcinogen Exposures in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(8):1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081013
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatende, Disann, Elizabeth Rydz, Emma K. Quinn, Emily Heer, Raissa Shrestha, Sajjad S. Fazel, and Cheryl E. Peters. 2024. "Overrepresentation of New Workers in Jobs with Multiple Carcinogen Exposures in Canada" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081013