Empowering Self-Help Groups: The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Social Well-Being
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Gap, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
- RQ1: Do BCs and BFs substitute banks in branchless areas to provide financial services?
- RQ2: Do BCs and BFs enhance the insurance services in rural areas?
- RQ3: Do BCs and BFs improve the social conditions of rural households?
- RQ4: Do physical banks improve insurance services in rural areas?
- RQ5: Do physical banks improve the social conditions of rural households?
- RQ6: Do insurance services improve the social conditions of rural households?
3. Data and Research Methodology
4. Analysis and Results of the Study
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Factor Analysis
4.3. Measurement Model
Construct Validity
4.4. Structural Equation Model
4.5. Mediation Analysis
Barron and Kenny’s Mediation Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Demographics | Household Details (N = 426) | % of Respondents |
---|---|---|
Age | Less than 25 years | 13 |
26 to 35 years | 39.4 | |
36 to 45 years | 34.9 | |
More than 45 years | 12.7 | |
Caste | SC | 22.1 |
ST | 33.5 | |
OBC | 27.9 | |
Secondary and Higher | 16.5 | |
Education | Illiterate | 8.7 |
Below Secondary | 48.3 | |
Secondary and Higher Secondary | 36.8 | |
Graduation and Diploma | 3.8 | |
Post-Graduation and above | 2.4 | |
Occupation | Self Employed | 13.9 |
Private Sector Employee | 18.6 | |
Public Sector Employee | 3.1 | |
Farmer | 46.9 | |
Daily Labor | 15.1 | |
Unemployed | 2.4 | |
District | Pune | 36.1 |
Thane | 30.2 | |
Palghar | 33.7 |
Construct | SCR | PBF | IS | BCs and BFs |
---|---|---|---|---|
SCR | 1.000 | |||
PBF | 0.499 ** | 1.000 | ||
IS | 0.256 ** | 0.577 ** | 1.000 | |
BCs and BFs | 0.44 ** | −0.177 ** | −0.129 ** | 1.000 |
Construct | No. Items | Cronbach’s Alpha (Reliability) |
---|---|---|
PBFs | 8 | 0.933 |
IS | 3 | 0.95 |
BCs and BFs | 3 | 0.875 |
SCR | 9 | 0.934 |
Rotated Matrix a | ||
---|---|---|
Construct | Items | Factor Loading |
SC | SC2—Helped for all Health Access | 0.782 |
SC3—Improved confidence level | 0.661 | |
SC6—Improved nutritional status | 0.744 | |
SC7—Access to basic sanitation facilities (i.e., lavatory) | 0.781 | |
SC11—Personal care access (i.e., oral, hair, and body care) | 0.834 | |
SC12—Entertainment (i.e., movies) | 0.590 | |
SC15—Helped in Family and Cultural Function | 0.768 | |
SC16—Improved Social Security (i.e., feeling of security in the society) | 0.871 | |
SC17—Improved Overall Social Status | 0.876 | |
PBF | AVFS1—The bank branch is available at your place | 0.828 |
AVFS3—Automated Teller Services (ATMs) is available | 0.881 | |
AVFS10—Deposit/withdrawing cash facility is available | 0.699 | |
ACFS3—Automated Teller Services (ATMs) are easily accessible | 0.846 | |
ACFS6—Cheque book is easily available to you | 0.641 | |
UFS1—Availed financial services through the bank branch | 0.785 | |
UFS3—Use of Automated Teller Services (ATMs) is frequent | 0.842 | |
UFS9—Availed overdraft facility of the bank | 0.533 | |
IS | AVFS8—Insurance schemes are available | 0.882 |
ACFS8—Insurance facilities are easily accessible to you | 0.886 | |
USF8—Availed insurance facilities through the bank/BC/BF | 0.872 | |
AVFS2—BC and BF are available at your place | 0.744 | |
BC and BF | ACFS2—BC/BF are easily approachable | 0.894 |
UFS2—Availed financial services through BC/BF | 0.845 | |
Total cumulative variance: 72.342 | ||
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. | ||
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a | ||
a. Rotation converged in 7 iterations. |
Measure | Initial Measurement | Final Measurement | Acceptable Fit Criterion |
---|---|---|---|
CMIN/DF | 3.554 | 2.675 | ≤3 indicates an acceptable fit ≤5 indicates a reasonable fit |
CFI | 0.956 | 0.974 | ≥0.90 indicates an acceptable fit ≥0.95 indicates an excellent fit |
SRMR | 0.068 | 0.0574 | ≤0.05 indicates an acceptable fit |
RMSEA | 0.078 | 0.063 | ≤0.05 indicates an excellent fit ≤0.08 indicates an acceptable fit |
PCLOSE | 0 | 0.012 | ≥0.05 the model is considered to have a close fit |
Construct | No. Items | AVE | CR |
---|---|---|---|
PBFs | 8 | 0.58 | 0.86 |
IS | 3 | 0.77 | 0.88 |
BCs and BFs | 3 | 0.68 | 0.82 |
SCR | 9 | 0.59 | 0.88 |
Measure | Estimate | Threshold | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|
CMIN/DF | 2.675 | Between 1 and 3 | Excellent |
CFI | 0.974 | >0.95 | Excellent |
SRMR | 0.057 | <0.08 | Excellent |
RMSEA | 0.063 | <0.06 | Acceptable |
PCLOSE | 0.012 | >0.05 | Acceptable |
Hypotheses | Path | Estimate (β) | p Values ≤ 0.01 | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | BCs and BFs | ← | PBFs | −0.14 | *** | Supported |
H2 | IS | ← | BCs and BFs | −0.01 | 0.835 | Rejected |
H3 | SCR | ← | BCs and BFs | 0.53 | *** | Supported |
H4 | IS | ← | PBFs | 0.52 | *** | Supported |
H5 | SCR | ← | PBFs | 0.50 | *** | Supported |
H6 | SCR | ← | IS | −0.08 | 0.11 | Rejected |
Measure | Estimate | Threshold | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|
CMIN/DF | 2.647 | Between 1 and 3 | Excellent |
CFI | 0.975 | >0.95 | Excellent |
SRMR | 0.057 | <0.08 | Excellent |
RMSEA | 0.062 | <0.06 | Acceptable |
PCLOSE | 0.015 | >0.05 | Acceptable |
Path | Estimate (β) | p Values ≤ 0.01 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SCR | ← | PBF | 0.378 | *** |
BC and BF | ← | PBF | −0.151 | *** |
SCR | ← | BC and BF | 0.361 | *** |
Path | Estimate (β) | p Values ≤ 0.01 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SCR | ← | PBF | 0.55 | *** |
BC and BF | ← | PBF | −0.18 | *** |
SCR | ← | BC and BF | 0.51 | *** |
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Survase, M.; Gohil, A. Empowering Self-Help Groups: The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Social Well-Being. J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17060217
Survase M, Gohil A. Empowering Self-Help Groups: The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Social Well-Being. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2024; 17(6):217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17060217
Chicago/Turabian StyleSurvase, Madan, and Atmajitsinh Gohil. 2024. "Empowering Self-Help Groups: The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Social Well-Being" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17, no. 6: 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17060217