Energies

1 pages, 145 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Halil, B.; Gökhan, S. Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Variable Baffle Spacing on the Thermal Performance of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Energies 2017, 10, 1156

by Halil Bayram^1,2 and Gökhan Sevilgen^1,*

¹ Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uludağ University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey

² Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Amasya University, Amasya 05100, Turkey

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122181 - 20 Dec 2017

Viewed by 2750

Abstract

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [1][...] Full article

18 pages, 4970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Chaotic Quantum Bat Algorithm with SVR in Electric Load Forecasting

by Ming-Wei Li¹, Jing Geng¹, Shumei Wang² and Wei-Chiang Hong^2,*

¹ College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China

² School of Education Intelligent Technology, Jiangsu Normal University/101, Shanghai Rd., Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2180; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122180 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5442

Abstract

Hybridizing evolutionary algorithms with a support vector regression (SVR) model to conduct the electric load forecasting has demonstrated the superiorities in forecasting accuracy improvements. The recently proposed bat algorithm (BA), compared with classical GA and PSO algorithm, has greater potential in forecasting accuracy [...] Read more.

Hybridizing evolutionary algorithms with a support vector regression (SVR) model to conduct the electric load forecasting has demonstrated the superiorities in forecasting accuracy improvements. The recently proposed bat algorithm (BA), compared with classical GA and PSO algorithm, has greater potential in forecasting accuracy improvements. However, the original BA still suffers from the embedded drawbacks, including trapping in local optima and premature convergence. Hence, to continue exploring possible improvements of the original BA and to receive more appropriate parameters of an SVR model, this paper applies quantum computing mechanism to empower each bat to possess quantum behavior, then, employs the chaotic mapping function to execute the global chaotic disturbance process, to enlarge bat’s search space and to make the bat jump out from the local optima when population is over accumulation. This paper presents a novel load forecasting approach, namely SVRCQBA model, by hybridizing the SVR model with the quantum computing mechanism, chaotic mapping function, and BA, to receive higher forecasting accuracy. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed SVRCQBA model is superior to other alternative models in terms of forecasting accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Advanced Optimization Methods with Evolutionary Computation Techniques in Energy Forecasting)

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17 pages, 1960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Probabilistically Constrained Approach for the Energy Procurement Problem

by Patrizia Beraldi^*, Antonio Violi, Maria Elena Bruni and Gianluca Carrozzino

Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 41/C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122179 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4312

Abstract

The definition of the electric energy procurement plan represents a fundamental problem that any consumer has to deal with. Bilateral contracts, electricity market and self-production are the main supply sources that should be properly combined to satisfy the energy demand over a given [...] Read more.

The definition of the electric energy procurement plan represents a fundamental problem that any consumer has to deal with. Bilateral contracts, electricity market and self-production are the main supply sources that should be properly combined to satisfy the energy demand over a given time horizon at the minimum cost. The problem is made more complex by the presence of uncertainty, mainly related to the energy requirements and electricity market prices. Ignoring the uncertain nature of these elements can lead to the definition of procurement plans which are infeasible or overly expensive in a real setting. In this paper, we deal with the procurement problem under uncertainty by adopting the paradigm of joint chance constraints to define reliable plans that are feasible with a high probability level. Moreover, the proposed model includes in the objective function a risk measure to control undesirable effects caused by the random variations of the electricity market prices. The proposed model is applied to a real test case. The results show the benefit deriving from the stochastic optimization approach and the effect of considering different levels of risk aversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ICEER 2017: 2017 the 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research)

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17 pages, 4466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extension of Operating Range in Pump-Turbines. Influence of Head and Load

by Carme Valero^*, Mònica Egusquiza

, Eduard Egusquiza, Alexandre Presas, David Valentin

and Matias Bossio

Center for Industrial Diagnostics and Fluid Dynamics (CDIF), Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Diagonal, 647, ETSEIB, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2178; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122178 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5732

Abstract

Due to the increasing share of new renewable energies like wind and solar in the generation of electricity the need for power regulation and energy storage is becoming of paramount importance. One of the systems to store huge amounts of energy is pumped [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing share of new renewable energies like wind and solar in the generation of electricity the need for power regulation and energy storage is becoming of paramount importance. One of the systems to store huge amounts of energy is pumped storage using reversible hydropower units. The machines used in these power plants are pump-turbines, which can operate as a pump and as a turbine. The surplus of electrical energy during low consumption hours can be converted into potential hydraulic energy by pumping water to a higher level. The stored energy can be converted into electricity again by operating the runner as a turbine. Due to new regulation requirements machines have to extend the operating range in order to match energy generation with consumption for the grid stability. In this paper the consequences of extending the operating range in existing pump-turbines have been studied. For that purpose, the data obtained after two years of condition monitoring were analyzed. Vibrations and pressure fluctuations of two pump-turbines of 85 MW each have been studied during pump and turbine operation. For turbine operation the effects of extending the operating range from the standard range of 45–85 MW to and increased range of 20–85 MW were analyzed. The change in vibration levels and signatures at very low load are presented with the identification of the phenomena that occur under these conditions. The influence of head in the vibration behavior is also presented. The appearance of fluid instabilities generated at part load that may produce power swing is also presented. Finally, the effect of head on the vibration levels for pump operation is shown and analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydropower 2017)

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14 pages, 4993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Influence of Compensation Capacitance Errors of a Wireless Power Transfer System with SS Topology

by Yi Wang^*, Fei Lin, Zhongping Yang and Zhiyuan Liu

School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuan Village No. 3, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122177 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4945

Abstract

In this study, in order to determine the reasonable accuracy of the compensation capacitances satisfying the requirements on the output characteristics for a wireless power transfer (WPT) system, taking the series-series (SS) compensation structure as an example, the calculation formulas of the output [...] Read more.

In this study, in order to determine the reasonable accuracy of the compensation capacitances satisfying the requirements on the output characteristics for a wireless power transfer (WPT) system, taking the series-series (SS) compensation structure as an example, the calculation formulas of the output characteristics, such as the power factor, output power, coil transfer efficiency, and capacitors’ voltage stress, are given under the condition of incomplete compensation according to circuit theory. The influence of compensation capacitance errors on the output characteristics of the system is then analyzed. The Taylor expansions of the theoretical formulas are carried out to simplify the formulas. The influence degrees of compensation capacitance errors on the output characteristics are calculated according to the simplified formulas. The reasonable error ranges of the compensation capacitances are then determined according to the requirements of the output characteristics of the system in the system design. Finally, the validity of the theoretical analysis and the simplified processing is verified through experiments. The proposed method has a certain guiding role for practical engineering design, especially in mass production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting Technologies)

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14 pages, 2807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Stability Analysis of a Single-Phase Two-Stage Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System

by Liying Huang, Dongyuan Qiu^*, Fan Xie, Yanfeng Chen and Bo Zhang

School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122176 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6438

Abstract

The stability issue of a single-phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system is complicated due to the nonlinear v-i characteristic of the photovoltaic array as well as the interaction between power converters. Besides, even though linear system theory is widely used in stability [...] Read more.

The stability issue of a single-phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system is complicated due to the nonlinear v-i characteristic of the photovoltaic array as well as the interaction between power converters. Besides, even though linear system theory is widely used in stability analysis of balanced three-phase systems, the application of the same theory to single-phase systems meets serious challenges, since single-phase systems cannot be transformed into linear time-invariant systems simply using Park transformation as balanced three-phase systems. In this paper, (1) the integrated mathematical model of a single-phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system is established, in which both DC-DC converter and DC-AC converter are included also the characteristic of the PV array is considered; (2) an observer-pattern modeling method is used to eliminate the time-varying variables; and (3) the stability of the system is studied using eigenvalue sensitivity and eigenvalue loci plots. Finally, simulation results are given to validate the proposed model and stability analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PV System Design and Performance)

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18 pages, 8155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Finite Element Analysis to Investigate the Vibration of Oblique-Stud Stator Frame in a Large Hydropower Generator Unit

by Jianzhong Zhou^1,2,*, Xuanlin Peng^1,2,*, Ruhai Li^1,2, Yanhe Xu^1,2, Han Liu^1,2 and Diyi Chen³

¹ School of Hydropower and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

² Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

³ Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122175 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6424

Abstract

This paper presents an investigation on the undesirable vibration of an oblique-stud stator frame in a large hydropower generator by means of experimental and finite element (FE) analysis. First, field experimental tests were performed, and the results indicate that the main vibration component [...] Read more.

This paper presents an investigation on the undesirable vibration of an oblique-stud stator frame in a large hydropower generator by means of experimental and finite element (FE) analysis. First, field experimental tests were performed, and the results indicate that the main vibration component comes from electromagnetic factors. Then, a 2D-magnetic and 3D-mechanical FE model was developed to investigate the vibration of the stator frame under the action of electromagnetic forces. A set of contrast models was established to study the effects of different kinds of eccentricity and different structures. Based on the comparative analysis between the results of simulations and experimental tests, it can be inferred that the abnormal vibration is generated because of the lack of stiffness in the upper part of structure and the existence of dynamic eccentricity in the rotor–stator system. In addition, the structural simulation analysis shows that the flexible designed oblique-stud stator frame is relatively vulnerable against the electromagnetic forces. Full article

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20 pages, 4140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Lithium-Ion Anode Materials Using an Experimentally Verified Physics-Based Electrochemical Model

by Rujian Fu¹, Xuan Zhou^2,*, Hengbin Fan², Douglas Blaisdell², Ajay Jagadale², Xi Zhang³

and Rui Xiong⁴

¹ Independent Researcher, Novi, MI 48377, USA

² Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, USA

³ School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China

⁴ National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles and Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122174 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6399

Abstract

Researchers are in search of parameters inside Li-ion batteries that can be utilized to control their external behavior. Physics-based electrochemical model could bridge the gap between Li+ transportation and distribution inside battery and battery performance outside. In this paper, two commercially available Li-ion [...] Read more.

Researchers are in search of parameters inside Li-ion batteries that can be utilized to control their external behavior. Physics-based electrochemical model could bridge the gap between Li+ transportation and distribution inside battery and battery performance outside. In this paper, two commercially available Li-ion anode materials: graphite and Lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ or LTO) were selected and a physics-based electrochemical model was developed based on half-cell assembly and testing. It is found that LTO has a smaller diffusion coefficient (D_s) than graphite, which causes a larger overpotential, leading to a smaller capacity utilization and, correspondingly, a shorter duration of constant current charge or discharge. However, in large current applications, LTO performs better than graphite because its effective particle radius decreases with increasing current, leading to enhanced diffusion. In addition, LTO has a higher activation overpotential in its side reactions; its degradation rate is expected to be much smaller than graphite, indicating a longer life span. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)

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22 pages, 22729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Magnetic Circuit and Performance of Less-Rare-Earth Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines Used for Electric Vehicles

by Ping Zheng^1,2, Weinan Wang¹

, Mingqiao Wang¹

, Yong Liu^1,* and Zhenxing Fu¹

¹ Department of Electrical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China

² State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2173; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122173 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4703

Abstract

The less-rare-earth interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines (LRE-IPMSMs), which have the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, and low cost, are promising candidates for electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, the equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) of LRE-IPMSM is established and analyzed to investigate [...] Read more.

The less-rare-earth interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines (LRE-IPMSMs), which have the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, and low cost, are promising candidates for electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, the equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) of LRE-IPMSM is established and analyzed to investigate the machine design principles, and then the performance of an optimized machine is analyzed. Firstly, the equivalent magnetic circuits of the LRE-IPMSM are established by taking the saturation effect into consideration. Secondly, the effects of geometric parameters, such as the permanent-magnet (PM) width, the PM thickness, the flux barrier thickness, the flux barrier span angle, and the bridge width, on no-load flux, q-axis flux, and d-axis flux are investigated, respectively. The results calculated by the EMC method and finite-element analysis (FEA) are analyzed and compared, which proves the effectiveness of the EMC method. Finally, an optimized design of LRE-IPMSM obtained by the magnetic circuit analyses is proposed. The electromagnetic performances and mechanical strength of the optimized LRE-IPMSM are analyzed and verified, respectively. Full article

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13 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Mixture Stratification on Combustion and Emissions of Boosted Controlled Auto-Ignition Engines

by Jacek Hunicz^1,*

, Aymen Tmar² and Paweł Krzaczek³

¹ Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

² National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Aeroport Road Km 0.5, BP 1169 .3029 Sfax, Tunisia

³ Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122172 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6439

Abstract

The stratification of in-cylinder mixtures appears to be an effective method for managing the combustion process in controlled auto-ignition (CAI) engines. Stratification can be achieved and controlled using various injection strategies such as split fuel injection and the introduction of a portion of [...] Read more.

The stratification of in-cylinder mixtures appears to be an effective method for managing the combustion process in controlled auto-ignition (CAI) engines. Stratification can be achieved and controlled using various injection strategies such as split fuel injection and the introduction of a portion of fuel directly before the start of combustion. This study investigates the effect of injection timing and the amount of fuel injected for stratification on the combustion and emissions in CAI engine. The experimental research was performed on a single cylinder engine with direct gasoline injection. CAI combustion was achieved using negative valve overlap and exhaust gas trapping. The experiments were performed at constant engine fueling. Intake boost was applied to control the excess air ratio. The results show that the application of the late injection strategy has a significant effect on the heat release process. In general, the later the injection is and the more fuel is injected for stratification, the earlier the auto-ignition occurs. However, the experimental findings reveal that the effect of stratification on combustion duration is much more complex. Changes in combustion are reflected in NO_X emissions. The attainable level of stratification is limited by the excessive emission of unburned hydrocarbons, CO and soot. Full article

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16 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoupling Weather Influence from User Habits for an Optimal Electric Load Forecast System

by Luca Massidda

and Marino Marrocu^*

CRS4, Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia, loc. Piscina Manna ed. 1, 09010 Pula (CA), Italy

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122171 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3885

Abstract

The balance between production and consumption in a smart grid with high penetration of renewable sources and in the presence of energy storage systems benefits from an accurate load prediction. A general approach to load forecasting is not possible because of the additional [...] Read more.

The balance between production and consumption in a smart grid with high penetration of renewable sources and in the presence of energy storage systems benefits from an accurate load prediction. A general approach to load forecasting is not possible because of the additional complication due to the increasing presence of distributed and usually unmeasured photovoltaic production. Various methods are proposed in the literature that can be classified into two classes: those that predict by separating the portion of load due to consumption habits from the part of production due to local weather conditions, and those that attempt to predict the load as a whole. The characteristic that should lead to a preference for one approach over another is obviously the percentage of penetration of distributed production. The study site discussed in this document is the grid of Borkum, an island located in the North Sea. The advantages in terms of reducing forecasting errors for the electrical load, which can be obtained by using weather information, are explained. In particular, when comparing the results of different approaches gradually introducing weather forecasts, it is clear that the correct functional dependency of production has to be taken into account in order to obtain maximum yield from the available information. Where possible, this approach can significantly improve the quality of the forecasts, which in turn can improve the balance of a network—especially if energy storage systems are in place. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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18 pages, 3360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution of the Baltic Sea Near-Shore Wave Power Potential along the Coast of Klaipėda, Lithuania

by Egidijus Kasiulis^1,*, Jens Peter Kofoed²

, Arvydas Povilaitis¹ and Algirdas Radzevičius³

¹ Institute of Water Resources Engineering, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas distr., Lithuania

² Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, Aalborg 9220, Denmark

³ Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas distr., Lithuania

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122170 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4180

Abstract

Wave power is an abundant source of energy that can be utilized to produce electricity. Therefore, assessments of wave power resources are being carried out worldwide. An overview of the recent assessments is presented in this paper, revealing the global distribution of these [...] Read more.

Wave power is an abundant source of energy that can be utilized to produce electricity. Therefore, assessments of wave power resources are being carried out worldwide. An overview of the recent assessments is presented in this paper, revealing the global distribution of these resources. Additionally, a study, which aims to assess the spatial distribution of the Baltic Sea near-shore wave power potential along the coast of Klaipėda (Lithuania), is introduced in this paper. The impacts of the wave propagation direction and decreasing depth on wave power resources were examined using the numerical wind-wave model MIKE 21 NSW. The wave height loss of the design waves propagating to shore was modelled, and the wave power fluxes in the studied depths were calculated using the JONSWAP wave spectrum modified for the Baltic Sea. The results revealed that all waves that propagate to the shore in the Baltic Sea near-shore area along the coast of Klaipėda from 30 m depth to 5 m depth lose at least 30% of their power. Still, most common waves in this area are low, and therefore, they start to lose their power while propagating to the shore at relatively low (10–14 m) depths. To turn this into an advantage the wave power converter would have to work efficiently under low power conditions. Full article

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21 pages, 3102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nuclear Power Learning and Deployment Rates; Disruption and Global Benefits Forgone

by Peter A. Lang

Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122169 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 50566

Abstract

This paper presents evidence of the disruption of a transition from fossil fuels to nuclear power, and finds the benefits forgone as a consequence are substantial. Learning rates are presented for nuclear power in seven countries, comprising 58% of all power reactors ever [...] Read more.

This paper presents evidence of the disruption of a transition from fossil fuels to nuclear power, and finds the benefits forgone as a consequence are substantial. Learning rates are presented for nuclear power in seven countries, comprising 58% of all power reactors ever built globally. Learning rates and deployment rates changed in the late-1960s and 1970s from rapidly falling costs and accelerating deployment to rapidly rising costs and stalled deployment. Historical nuclear global capacity, electricity generation and overnight construction costs are compared with the counterfactual that pre-disruption learning and deployment rates had continued to 2015. Had the early rates continued, nuclear power could now be around 10% of its current cost. The additional nuclear power could have substituted for 69,000–186,000 TWh of coal and gas generation, thereby avoiding up to 9.5 million deaths and 174 Gt CO₂ emissions. In 2015 alone, nuclear power could have replaced up to 100% of coal-generated and 76% of gas-generated electricity, thereby avoiding up to 540,000 deaths and 11 Gt CO₂. Rapid progress was achieved in the past and could be again, with appropriate policies. Research is needed to identify impediments to progress, and policy is needed to remove them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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11 pages, 2323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adjusting the Parameters of Metal Oxide Gapless Surge Arresters’ Equivalent Circuits Using the Harmony Search Method

by Christos A. Christodoulou¹, Vasiliki Vita², Georgios Perantzakis¹, Lambros Ekonomou^2,* and George Milushev³

¹ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 382 21 Volos, Greece

² Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Educators, A.S.P.E.T.E.—School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, 141 21 Heraklion, Greece

³ Innovative Energy and Information Technologies LTD, 1387 Sofia, j.k. Obelia 1, bl. 118, ent. A, app. 6, Bulgaria

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122168 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4868

Abstract

The appropriate circuit modeling of metal oxide gapless surge arresters is critical for insulation coordination studies. Metal oxide arresters present a dynamic behavior for fast front surges; namely, their residual voltage is dependent on the peak value, as well as the duration of [...] Read more.

The appropriate circuit modeling of metal oxide gapless surge arresters is critical for insulation coordination studies. Metal oxide arresters present a dynamic behavior for fast front surges; namely, their residual voltage is dependent on the peak value, as well as the duration of the injected impulse current, and should therefore not only be represented by non-linear elements. The aim of the current work is to adjust the parameters of the most frequently used surge arresters’ circuit models by considering the magnitude of the residual voltage, as well as the dissipated energy for given pulses. In this aim, the harmony search method is implemented to adjust parameter values of the arrester equivalent circuit models. This functions by minimizing a defined objective function that compares the simulation outcomes with the manufacturer’s data and the results obtained from previous methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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21 pages, 15112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Periodicity of Sinusoidal Boundary Condition on the Unsteady Mixed Convection within a Square Enclosure Using an Ag–Water Nanofluid

by Azharul Karim¹, M. Masum Billah^2,*, M. T. Talukder Newton² and M. Mustafizur Rahman³

¹ Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia

² Department of Arts and Sciences, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh

³ Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122167 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5332

Abstract

A numerical study of the unsteady mixed convection heat transfer characteristics of an Ag–water nanofluid confined within a square shape lid-driven cavity has been carried out. The Galerkin weighted residual of the finite element method has been employed to investigate the effects of [...] Read more.

A numerical study of the unsteady mixed convection heat transfer characteristics of an Ag–water nanofluid confined within a square shape lid-driven cavity has been carried out. The Galerkin weighted residual of the finite element method has been employed to investigate the effects of the periodicity of sinusoidal boundary condition for a wide range of Grashof numbers (Gr) (10⁵ to 10⁷) with the parametric variation of sinusoidal even and odd frequency, N, from 1 to 6 at different instants (for τ = 0.1 and 1). It has been observed that both the Grashof number and the sinusoidal even and odd frequency have a significant influence on the streamlines and isotherms inside the cavity. The heat transfer rate enhanced by 90% from the heated surface as the Grashof number (Gr) increased from 10⁵ to 10⁷ at sinusoidal frequency N = 1 and τ = 1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section I: Energy Fundamentals and Conversion)

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18 pages, 8816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Recovery of Natural Draft Dry Cooling Systems by Combined Air Leading Strategies

by Weijia Wang

, Lei Chen, Xianwei Huang, Lijun Yang^* and Xiaoze Du

Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment of Ministry of Education, School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2166; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122166 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4846

Abstract

The cooling efficiency of natural draft dry cooling system (NDDCS) are vulnerable to ambient winds, so the implementation of measures against the wind effects is of great importance. This work presents the combined air leading strategies to recover the flow and heat transfer [...] Read more.

The cooling efficiency of natural draft dry cooling system (NDDCS) are vulnerable to ambient winds, so the implementation of measures against the wind effects is of great importance. This work presents the combined air leading strategies to recover the flow and heat transfer performances of NDDCS. Following the energy balance among the exhaust steam, circulating water, and cooling air, numerical models of natural draft dry cooling systems with the combined air leading strategies are developed. The cooling air streamlines, volume effectiveness, thermal efficiency and outlet water temperature for each cooling delta of the large-scale heat exchanger are obtained. The overall volume effectiveness, average outlet water temperature of NDDCS and steam turbine back pressure are calculated. The results show that with the air leading strategies inside or outside the dry-cooling tower, the thermo-flow performances of natural draft dry cooling system are improved under all wind conditions. The combined inner and outer air leading strategies are superior to other single strategy in the performance recovery, thus can be recommended for NDDCS in power generating units. Full article

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16 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydro Power Reservoir Aggregation via Genetic Algorithms

by Markus Löschenbrand^*

and Magnus Korpås

Department of Electric Power Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122165 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3951

Abstract

Electrical power systems with a high share of hydro power in their generation portfolio tend to display distinct behavior. Low generation cost and the possibility of peak shaving create a high amount of flexibility. However, stochastic influences such as precipitation and external market [...] Read more.

Electrical power systems with a high share of hydro power in their generation portfolio tend to display distinct behavior. Low generation cost and the possibility of peak shaving create a high amount of flexibility. However, stochastic influences such as precipitation and external market effects create uncertainty and thus establish a wide range of potential outcomes. Therefore, optimal generation scheduling is a key factor to successful operation of hydro power dominated systems. This paper aims to bridge the gap between scheduling on large-scale (e.g., national) and small scale (e.g., a single river basin) levels, by applying a multi-objective master/sub-problem framework supported by genetic algorithms. A real-life case study from southern Norway is used to assess the validity of the method and give a proof of concept. The introduced method can be applied to efficiently integrate complex stochastic sub-models into Virtual Power Plants and thus reduce the computational complexity of large-scale models whilst minimizing the loss of information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydropower 2017)

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23 pages, 23119 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Flow Adjustment Inside and Around Large Finite-Size Wind Farms

by Ka Ling Wu

and Fernando Porté-Agel^*

Wind Engineering and Renewable Energy Laboratory (WIRE), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-ENAC-IIE-WIRE, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2164; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122164 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 10906

Abstract

In this study, large-eddy simulations are performed to investigate the flow inside and around large finite-size wind farms in conventionally-neutral atmospheric boundary layers. Special emphasis is placed on characterizing the different farm-induced flow regions, including the induction, entrance and development, fully-developed, exit and [...] Read more.

In this study, large-eddy simulations are performed to investigate the flow inside and around large finite-size wind farms in conventionally-neutral atmospheric boundary layers. Special emphasis is placed on characterizing the different farm-induced flow regions, including the induction, entrance and development, fully-developed, exit and farm wake regions. The wind farms extend 20 km in the streamwise direction and comprise 36 wind turbine rows arranged in aligned and staggered configurations. Results show that, under weak free-atmosphere stratification (

Γ = 1

K/km), the flow inside and above both wind farms, and thus the turbine power, do not reach the fully-developed regime even though the farm length is two orders of magnitude larger than the boundary layer height. In that case, the wind farm induction region, affected by flow blockage, extends upwind about 0.8 km and leads to a power reduction of 1.3% and 3% at the first row of turbines for the aligned and staggered layouts, respectively. The wind farm wake leads to velocity deficits at hub height of around 3.5% at a downwind distance of 10 km for both farm layouts. Under stronger stratification (

Γ = 5

K/km), the vertical deflection of the subcritical flow induced by the wind farm at its entrance and exit regions triggers standing gravity waves whose effects propagate upwind. They, in turn, induce a large decelerating induction region upwind of the farm leading edge, and an accelerating exit region upwind of the trailing edge, both extending about 7 km. As a result, the turbine power output in the entrance region decreases more than 35% with respect to the weakly stratified case. It increases downwind as the flow adjusts, reaching the fully-developed regime only for the staggered layout at a distance of about 8.5 km from the farm edge. The flow acceleration in the exit region leads to an increase of the turbine power with downwind distance in that region, and a relatively fast (compared with the weakly stratified case) recovery of the farm wake, which attains its inflow hub height speed at a downwind distance of 5 km. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Wind Turbines)

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19 pages, 13085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Air-Steam Biomass Gasification Process Based on Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model

by Qitai Eri¹

, Wenzhen Wu¹ and Xinjun Zhao^1,2,*

¹ School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

² The 41st Research Institute, the Sixth Academy of CASIC, Hohhot 010010, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122163 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

In the present work, the air-steam biomass gasification model with tar has been developed based on the equilibrium constants. The simulation results based on two different models (with and without tar) have been validated by the experimental data. The model with tar can [...] Read more.

In the present work, the air-steam biomass gasification model with tar has been developed based on the equilibrium constants. The simulation results based on two different models (with and without tar) have been validated by the experimental data. The model with tar can well predict the tar content in gasification; meanwhile, the predicted gas yield (GY), based on the model with tar, is much closer to the experimental data. The energy exchange between the gasifier and the surrounding has been studied based on the dimensionless heat transfer ratio (DHTR), and the relationship between DHTR and the process parameters is given by a formula. The influence of process parameters on the syngas composition, tar content, GY, lower heating value (LHV), and exergy efficiency have been researched. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofuel and Bioenergy Technology)

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19 pages, 4619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Kriging Model Based Optimization of Active Distribution Networks Considering Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Improvement

by Dan Wang^1,*, Qing’e Hu¹, Jia Tang¹, Hongjie Jia¹, Yun Li², Shuang Gao¹ and Menghua Fan³

¹ Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

² State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Xicheng District, Beijing 100031, China

³ State Grid Energy Research Institute, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122162 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4384

Abstract

Optimal operation of the active distribution networks (ADN) is essential to keep its safety, reliability and economy. With the integration of multiple controllable resources, the distribution networks are facing more challenges in which the optimization strategy is the key. This paper establishes the [...] Read more.

Optimal operation of the active distribution networks (ADN) is essential to keep its safety, reliability and economy. With the integration of multiple controllable resources, the distribution networks are facing more challenges in which the optimization strategy is the key. This paper establishes the optimal operation model of the ADN considering a diversity of controllable resources including energy storage devices, distributed generators, voltage regulators and switchable capacitor banks. The objective functions contain reducing the power losses and improving the voltage profiles. To solve the optimization problem, the Kriging model based Improved Surrogate Optimization-Mixed-Integer (ISO-MI) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The Kriging model is applied to approximate the complicated distribution networks, which speeds up the solving process. Finally, the accuracy of the Kriging model is validated and the efficiency among the proposed method, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is compared in an unbalanced IEEE-123 nodes test feeder. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has better performance than GA and PSO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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14 pages, 1248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

by Bernhard Faessler^1,2,3,*

, Michael Schuler¹, Markus Preißinger²

and Peter Kepplinger^1,2

¹ Josef Ressel Center for Applied Scientific Computing in Energy, Finance, and Logistics, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstrasse 1, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria

² Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency, Energy Research Center, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstrasse 1, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria

³ Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, Jon Lilletuns vei 9, 4879 Grimstad, Norway

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122161 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5551

Abstract

Due to the promoted integration of renewable sources, a further growth of strongly transient, distributed generation is expected. Thus, the existing electrical grid may reach its physical limits. To counteract this, and to fully exploit the viable potential of renewables, grid-balancing measures are [...] Read more.

Due to the promoted integration of renewable sources, a further growth of strongly transient, distributed generation is expected. Thus, the existing electrical grid may reach its physical limits. To counteract this, and to fully exploit the viable potential of renewables, grid-balancing measures are crucial. In this work, battery storage systems are embedded in a grid simulation to evaluate their potential for grid balancing. The overall setup is based on a real, low-voltage distribution grid topology, real smart meter household load profiles, and real photovoltaics load data. An autonomous optimization routine, driven by a one-way communicated incentive, determines the prospective battery operation mode. Different battery positions and incentives are compared to evaluate their impact. The configurations incorporate a baseline simulation without storage, a single, central battery storage or multiple, distributed battery storages which together have the same power and capacity. The incentives address either market conditions, grid balancing, optimal photovoltaic utilization, load shifting, or self-consumption. Simulations show that grid-balancing incentives result in lowest peak-to-average power ratios, while maintaining negligible voltage changes in comparison to a reference case. Incentives reflecting market conditions for electricity generation, such as real-time pricing, negatively influence the power quality, especially with respect to the peak-to-average power ratio. A central, feed-in-tied storage performs better in terms of minimizing the voltage drop/rise and shows lower distribution losses, while distributed storages attached at nodes with electricity generation by photovoltaics achieve lower peak-to-average power ratios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)

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12 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Combined Electro-Thermal Breakdown Model for Oil-Impregnated Paper

by Meng Huang^1,*

, Yuanxiang Zhou², Zhongliu Zhou² and Bo Qi¹

¹ School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

² State Key Lab of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122160 - 18 Dec 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4872

Abstract

The breakdown property of oil-impregnated paper is a key factor for converter transformer design and operation, but it is not well understood. In this paper, breakdown voltages of oil-impregnated paper were measured at different temperatures. The results showed that with the increase of [...] Read more.

The breakdown property of oil-impregnated paper is a key factor for converter transformer design and operation, but it is not well understood. In this paper, breakdown voltages of oil-impregnated paper were measured at different temperatures. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, electrical, electro-thermal and thermal breakdown occurred successively. An electro-thermal breakdown model was proposed based on the heat equilibrium and space charge transport, and negative differential mobility was introduced to the model. It was shown that carrier mobility determined whether it was electrical or thermal breakdown, and the model can effectively explain the temperature-dependent breakdown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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13 pages, 3042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Decoupling Method Based on the Diagonal Compensating Matrix for VSG-Controlled Parallel Inverters in the Microgrid

by Bin Li^*

and Lin Zhou

State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2159; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122159 - 17 Dec 2017

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5312

Abstract

The thought of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) for controlling the grid-connected inverters and providing virtual inertia to the microgrid is emerging as a wide extension of the droop control, power coupling that always exists in the low-voltage microgrid, which may deteriorate the [...] Read more.

The thought of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) for controlling the grid-connected inverters and providing virtual inertia to the microgrid is emerging as a wide extension of the droop control, power coupling that always exists in the low-voltage microgrid, which may deteriorate the dynamic response and the stability of the system. In this paper, the principle of VSG control is introduced first. As an important issue of VSG control, the mechanism of the power coupling in the low-voltage microgrid is analyzed and the small-signal equivalent model of the power transmission loop is established. Subsequently, a power decoupling method based on the diagonal compensating matrix for VSG is proposed, which can realize the power decoupling with no impact on the original control channel. Meanwhile, the feasibility analysis of the decoupling method and the improved approach for reactive power sharing are also discussed. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the decoupling strategy for VSGs. Full article

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20 pages, 3192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable Energy Potential by the Application of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine System in Global Urban Areas

by Jaewook Lee¹

, Jeongsu Park², Hyung-Jo Jung^2,* and Jiyoung Park^3,*

¹ Illinois School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA

² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea

³ Department of Architecture, Inha University, Inharo 100, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122158 - 17 Dec 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7379

Abstract

Globally, maintaining equilibrium between energy supply and demand is critical in urban areas facing increasing energy consumption and high-speed economic development. As an alternative, the large-scale application of renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, might be a long-term solution in an [...] Read more.

Globally, maintaining equilibrium between energy supply and demand is critical in urban areas facing increasing energy consumption and high-speed economic development. As an alternative, the large-scale application of renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, might be a long-term solution in an urban context. This study assessed the overall utilization potential of a building-integrated photovoltaic and wind turbine (BIPvWt) system, which can be applied to a building skin in global urban areas. The first step of this study was to reorganize the large volume of global annual climate data. The data were analyzed by computational fluid dynamic analysis and an energy simulation applicable to the BIPvWt system, which can generate a P_max 300 Wp/module with a 15% conversion efficiency from a photovoltaic (PV) system and a 0.149 power coefficient/module from wind turbines in categorized urban contexts and office buildings in specific cities; it was constructed to evaluate and optimize the ratio that can cover the current energy consumption. A diagram of the distribution of the solar and wind energy potential and design guidelines for a building skin were developed. The perspective of balancing the increasing energy consumption using renewable energy in urban areas can be visualized positively in the near future. Full article

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16 pages, 6149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of a New Torque Vectoring System with a Ravigneaux Gearset for Vehicle Applications

by Yu-Fan Chen^*, I-Ming Chen, Joshua Chang and Tyng Liu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122157 - 17 Dec 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6840

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to develop a new torque vectoring differential (TVD) for vehicle applications and investigate its effect on vehicle dynamic control. TVD is a technology that is able to distribute the engine torque to the left and right driving [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research is to develop a new torque vectoring differential (TVD) for vehicle applications and investigate its effect on vehicle dynamic control. TVD is a technology that is able to distribute the engine torque to the left and right driving wheels at different ratios so that the yaw motion control can be realized. Attention has been paid to this technology in recent years because of its potential to improve the vehicle performance and driving safety. In this study, a new TVD design with a Ravigneaux gearset was developed. This new design is able to use only one pair of gearsets to generate two different speed ratios, and the weight and volume of the system can be reduced. To execute the research, current TVD designs were analyzed and their design principles were clarified. Next, a new TVD design with Ravigneaux gearset was proposed. Then the connecting manner and the gear ratio of the Ravigneaux gearset were discussed. The dynamic equation of the system was then derived and the operation of the system was simulated in a MATLAB program. Further simulation was performed with a vehicle dynamic model in SimulationX to demonstrate the effect of the new system. The results of this study show the potential of building a new TVD with a Ravigneaux gearset and can be helpful for further system development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods to Improve Energy Use in Road Vehicles)

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19 pages, 9993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Energy-Saving Operation Strategy for Multiple Trains on the Urban Subway Line

by Jianqiang Liu and Nan Zhao^*

School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2156; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122156 - 17 Dec 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4957

Abstract

Energy consumption for multiple trains on the urban subway line is predominantly affected by the operation strategy. This paper proposed an energy-saving operation strategy for multiple trains, which is suitable for various line conditions and complex train schedules. The model and operation modes [...] Read more.

Energy consumption for multiple trains on the urban subway line is predominantly affected by the operation strategy. This paper proposed an energy-saving operation strategy for multiple trains, which is suitable for various line conditions and complex train schedules. The model and operation modes of the strategy are illustrated in detail, aiming to take full use of regenerative braking energy in complex multi-train systems with different departure intervals and dwell times. The computing method is proposed by means of the heuristic algorithm to obtain the optimum operation curve for each train. The simulation result based on a real urban subway line is provided to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed energy-saving operation strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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19 pages, 6070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Vibration Simulation of a 250-MW Large Hydropower Generator with Rotor Eccentricity and Rotor Deformation

by Ruhai Li^1,2,*, Chaoshun Li^1,2,*, Xuanlin Peng^1,2 and Wei Wei^1,2

¹ School of Hydropower and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

² Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2155; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122155 - 17 Dec 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6878

Abstract

The electromagnetic vibration caused by electromagnetic force on the stator has threatened large hydro generators operating safely and stably. At the Zhexi hydropower station, the hydro generator was beset by electromagnetic vibration for a long time. Therefore, the paper provided a new method [...] Read more.

The electromagnetic vibration caused by electromagnetic force on the stator has threatened large hydro generators operating safely and stably. At the Zhexi hydropower station, the hydro generator was beset by electromagnetic vibration for a long time. Therefore, the paper provided a new method to help to find the vibration source and detect the hydro generator fault, through the combination of simulation and experiments. In this paper, the 3D stator pack structure model and the 2D hydro generator electromagnetic models under rotor eccentricity and rotor ellipse deformation conditions were built. Then, electromagnetism simulations were conducted to study the characteristics of the electromagnetic flux and electromagnetic force under different conditions by using the finite element method (FEM). Lastly, the vibration testing experiments and harmonic response simulations of stator frame were performed to present the characteristics of vibration distribution in frequency conditions. The simulation results were compared with the generator measured data to try to find out the main vibration source and guide the overhaul. Full article

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11 pages, 1846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Concentrations in Two Sites inside the Chilean Margin (Itata and Valdivia Offshores)

by Vargas-Cordero Iván^1,*

, Tinivella Umberta²

and Villar-Muñoz Lucía³

¹ Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB), Quillota 980, 2531015 Viña del Mar, Chile

² Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Borgo Grotta 42C, 34010 Trieste, Italy

³ GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122154 - 16 Dec 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4701

Abstract

Two sectors, Itata and Valdivia, which are located in the Chilean margin were analysed by using seismic data with the main purpose to characterize the gas hydrate concentration. Strong lateral velocity variations are recognised, showing a maximum value in Valdivia offshore (2380 ms [...] Read more.

Two sectors, Itata and Valdivia, which are located in the Chilean margin were analysed by using seismic data with the main purpose to characterize the gas hydrate concentration. Strong lateral velocity variations are recognised, showing a maximum value in Valdivia offshore (2380 ms⁻¹ above the BSR) and a minimum value in the Itata offshore (1380 m·s⁻¹ below the BSR). In both of the sectors, the maximum hydrate concentration reaches 17% of total volume, while the maximum free gas concentration is located Valdivia offshore (0.6% of total volume) in correspondence of an uplift sector. In the Itata offshore, the geothermal gradient that is estimated is variable and ranges from 32 °C·km⁻¹ to 87 °C·km⁻¹, while in Valdivia offshore it is uniform and about 35 °C·km⁻¹. When considering both sites, the highest hydrate concentration is located in the accretionary prism (Valdivia offshore) and highest free gas concentration is distributed upwards, which may be considered as a natural pathway for lateral fluid migration. The results that are presented here contribute to the global knowledge of the relationship between hydrate/free gas presence and tectonic features, such as faults and folds, and furnishes a piece of the regional hydrate potentiality Chile offshore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)

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32 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The (R)evolution of China: Offshore Wind Diffusion

by Thomas Poulsen^1,* and Charlotte Bay Hasager²

¹ Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark

² Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122153 - 16 Dec 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 13282

Abstract

This research presents an industry level gap analysis for Chinese offshore wind, which serves as a way to illuminate how China may fast track industry evolution. The research findings provide insight into how the Chinese government strongly and systematically decrees state-owned Chinese firms [...] Read more.

This research presents an industry level gap analysis for Chinese offshore wind, which serves as a way to illuminate how China may fast track industry evolution. The research findings provide insight into how the Chinese government strongly and systematically decrees state-owned Chinese firms to expand into overseas markets to speed up learning efforts. Insights are offered regarding the nation-level strategic plans and institutional support policies mobilized by China in order to be able to conquer market shares internationally by building a strong home market and then facilitating an end-to-end and fully financed export solution. This is interesting in itself and in particular so because it now also includes complex billion-dollar megaprojects such as turnkey offshore wind farm assets with an expected lifespan of 30+ years. Research findings are provided on how European and Chinese firms may successfully forge long-term alliances also for future Chinese wind energy export projects. Examples of past efforts of collaboration not yielding desired results have been included as well. At policy level, recommendations are provided on how the evolution of the Chinese offshore wind power industry can be fast-tracked to mirror the revolutionary pace, volume, and velocity which the Chinese onshore wind power industry has mustered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)

19 pages, 6080 KiB

Open AccessReview

LNG Regasification Terminals: The Role of Geography and Meteorology on Technology Choices

by Randeep Agarwal¹, Thomas J. Rainey^1,2

, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman^1,2,*

, Ted Steinberg¹, Robert K. Perrons¹

and Richard J. Brown^1,2

¹ Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia

² Biofuel Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122152 - 16 Dec 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 10105

Abstract

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects are regulated by host countries, but policy and regulation should depend on geography and meteorology. Without considering the role of geography and meteorology, sub-optimal design choices can result, leading to energy conversion efficiency and capital investment decisions that [...] Read more.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects are regulated by host countries, but policy and regulation should depend on geography and meteorology. Without considering the role of geography and meteorology, sub-optimal design choices can result, leading to energy conversion efficiency and capital investment decisions that are less than ideal. A key step in LNG is regasification, which transforms LNG back from liquid to the gaseous state and requires substantial heat input. This study investigated different LNG regasification technologies used around the world and benchmarked location and meteorology-related factors, such as seawater temperatures, ambient air temperatures, wind speeds and relative humidity. Seawater vaporizers are used for more than 95% of locations subject to water quality. Ambient air conditions are relatively better for South America, India, Spain and other Asian countries (Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand) and provide a much cleaner regasification technology option for natural and forced draft systems and air-based intermediate fluid vaporizers. On a global basis, cold energy utilization currently represents <1% of the total potential, but this approach could deliver nearly 12 Gigawatt (GW) per annum. Overall, climate change is expected to have a positive financial impact on the LNG regasification industry, but the improvement could be unevenly distributed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)

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