Proposal for a General Atmospheric Correction Method of Breakdown and Withstand Voltages of Air-Gap Insulated Configurations Based on a Streamer–Leader Differentiated Model of the Breakdown Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of Knowledge
2.1. Overview of Studies and Model Concepts
2.2. Currently Standardized Atmospheric Correction Methods
2.3. Current Problems
2.4. Recent Dedicated Groundwork
3. Research Proposal Outline
- Electrical and optical measurements with different configurations, voltage forms and gap distances in dependence and variation of the ambient parameters air pressure, air humidity, temperature and air conductivity;
- Development of physical model of breakdown process through sub-process differentiated analysis and evaluation of electrical and optical measurement data;
- Derivation of universal atmospheric correction method for breakdown and withstand voltages in dependence of atmospheric parameters, configuration and voltage form.
3.1. Measurements
- Combined short air-gap configuration study and atmospheric parameter study:
- isolated test chamber with the possibilities to control and change the atmospheric parameters air pressure, air humidity, temperature and air conductivity (the latter through controlled UV-light-emission);
- rod-plane and rod-rod configurations;
- positive SI voltage and sample-wise further voltage forms;
- gap distances up to 1.5 m (leader initiation at 0.8 m for rod-plane configuration with LI voltage [3]);
- Long air-gap configuration study:
- test site at de facto standard atmospheric conditions;
- rod-plane and rod-rod configurations and sample-wise further configurations;
- positive SI voltage and sample-wise further voltage forms;
- gap distances from 1.0 m upwards;
- Verification study:
- various test sites at different altitudes in Germany (DE), Iran (IR) and China (CN) (equals not controllable, though different atmospheric conditions);
- rod-plane and rod-rod configurations and sample-wise further configurations;
- positive SI voltage and sample-wise further voltage forms;
- gap distances from 0.5 m upwards.
3.2. Hypothetical Atmospheric Correction Method Based on Physical Breakdown Model
- At the installation site of a freely chosen altitude A, arbitrary conditions of the surrogate atmospheric parameter X apply. Based upon the -curves (either already known for typical model configurations, or calculated through ), first, the co-ordination withstand voltage (part of the dimensioning process) for a given configuration is employed in to obtain the corresponding gap distance at standard atmospheric conditions. Then, using , the corresponding streamer and leader lengths and at standard atmospheric conditions are calculated.
- Using and , the real streamer and leader lengths and at the atmospheric conditions of the installation site can be calculated. The initially calculated gap distance at standard atmospheric conditions can then be corrected to the value , representing the necessary, real gap distance at the atmospheric conditions of the installation site.
- The necessary rated withstand voltage can be calculated through the -curves by employing the corrected gap distance d of step 2. represents the required testing withstand voltage of the equipment at standard atmospheric conditions.
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CN | China |
DE | Germany |
IR | Iran |
LI | Lightning Impulse |
RP | Rod-Plane Configuration |
SI | Switching Impulse |
Appendix A. Comparison of Original and Re-Determined m(Ucw)-Characteristics of IEC 60071-2
Appendix B. Additional Information
Appendix B.1. Comments on Aspects of Humidity
Appendix B.2. Comments on the Gap Factor K
Appendix B.3. Comments on Positive Switching Impulse Voltage
Appendix B.4. Comments on the Equivalences between Breakdown and Withstand Voltages
Appendix B.5. Comments on Altitude Correction Methods
Appendix B.6. Comments on the Definition of the proposed Configuration Factor CC
Appendix B.7. Comments on the proposed Correction Algorithm
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Schubert, U.; Shirvani, A.; Schmidt, U.; Kornhuber, S.; Kynast, E. Proposal for a General Atmospheric Correction Method of Breakdown and Withstand Voltages of Air-Gap Insulated Configurations Based on a Streamer–Leader Differentiated Model of the Breakdown Process. Energies 2018, 11, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040776
Schubert U, Shirvani A, Schmidt U, Kornhuber S, Kynast E. Proposal for a General Atmospheric Correction Method of Breakdown and Withstand Voltages of Air-Gap Insulated Configurations Based on a Streamer–Leader Differentiated Model of the Breakdown Process. Energies. 2018; 11(4):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040776
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchubert, Uwe, Ali Shirvani, Uwe Schmidt, Stefan Kornhuber, and Ede Kynast. 2018. "Proposal for a General Atmospheric Correction Method of Breakdown and Withstand Voltages of Air-Gap Insulated Configurations Based on a Streamer–Leader Differentiated Model of the Breakdown Process" Energies 11, no. 4: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040776