Efficient FEC Scheme for Solar-Powered WSNs Considering Energy and Link-Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. WSN Technologies
2.2. SP-WSNs
2.3. FEC Schemes
2.4. Reed–Solomon (RS) Scheme
3. Enhanced FEC Scheme for SP-WSN
3.1. Overview
- ①
- receives a control packet containing the available energy information of from node . Then, it calculates the maximum parity size which can deal with this available energy.
- ②
- calculates the maximum parity size which can be added with its own available energy.
- ③
- Select the smaller value by comparing the parity sizes determined in step ① and step ②; this value is the best parity size in terms of energy.
- ④
- estimates the channel state between itself and through the signal strength of control packet received during step ①; then, it calculates the parity size required for the current link state.
- ⑤
- Compare the parity size determined in step ③ with the parity size determined in step ④; if former is greater than the latter, data can be transmitted without error even if either value is finally selected. In the proposed scheme, however, the latter is selected as a final parity size to save energy. Meanwhile, in the opposite case (if the former is smaller than the latter), data transfer is abandoned in this round and delayed until the next round. This is because the errors are unlikely to be recovered even if data are transmitted by adding the maximum parity size available in terms of energy. This indicates a severe channel condition, and data transmission will be suspended until sufficient energy is available to send the data with the parity required for the link.
- ⑥
- transmits a data packet including the parity bits finally determined in step ⑤ to .
- ⑦
- recovers the error using parity bits included in the received data packet when the error is detected.
3.2. Energy Modeling
3.3. Channel-Status Modeling
3.4. Parity Size Determination According to Residual Energy
- Parity size of the transmitting node in terms of energyThe energy consumed by the transmitting node to transmit the data is calculated as follows [47]:The energy that can be used to transmit the parity is calculated as follows:Please note that a symbol which consists of m bits is an operation unit of the RS scheme for encoding and transmitting. Therefore, the maximum parity symbol size that can be sent with the energy of can be represented as follows:
- Parity size of the receiving node in terms of energyThe RS scheme consumes energy for data decoding and recovery that cannot be ignored. Assuming that the transmitting node transmits data with a long parity, considering only its energy status, the receiving node may not decode it due to insufficient energy. Therefore, when determining the parity size, the node sending the data must consider the energy of the node receiving the data, as well as its own energy.Please note that if the receiving node consumes energy exceeding , it may be blacked out. Therefore, the receiving node must limit the parity size by calculating the size of the parity that can be handled with energy . The amount of energy consumed to receive parity, excluding the energy consumed to receive data and the decoding energy , is as follows:Therefore, the maximum number of parity symbols that can be received with can be calculated as follows:
- Parity size determination in terms of energyAt the start of the time-slot, the receiver node embeds the information of in a control packet and transmits it to the sender. Then, the sender compares and and selects the smaller of the two as the parity candidate .
3.5. Parity Size Determination According to Channel Condition
3.6. Parity Size Selection and Data Transmission
3.7. Urgent Mode to Send Emergency Data
3.8. Pseudo-Code of the Proposed Scheme
Algorithm 1: Operation of sending node i in 1 round |
Algorithm 2: Calculate of node i |
; ; ; return ; |
4. Performance Evaluation
4.1. Experiment Environment
4.2. Simulation Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Energy Sources | Characteristics | Amount of Energy Available | Harvesting Technology | Conversion Efficiency | Amount of Energy Harvested |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solar | Ambient, uncontrollable, predictable | Solar cells | 15% | ||
Wind | Ambient, uncontrollable, predictable | - | Anemometer | - | |
Finger motion | Active human power, fully controllable | Piezoelectric | 7.5% | ||
Vibrations in indoor environment | Ambient, uncontrollable, unpredictable | - | Electromagnetic induction | - |
Node | Solar Panel Power (mW) | Solar Panel Size (inxin) | Energy Availability (mWh/day) | Storage Type | Battery Type | Battery Capacity (mAh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heliomote | 190 | 1140 | Battery | Ni-MH | 1800 | |
HydroWatch | 276 | 139 | Battery | Ni-MH | 2500 | |
Everlast | 450 | 2700 | Supercap (100F) | NA | NA | |
SolarBiscuit | 150 | 900 | Supercap (1F) | NA | NA | |
Prometheus | 130 | 780 | Supercap (two 22F) and battery | Li-poly | 200 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Simulation time | 30 days |
Number of nodes | 100, 125, 150 |
Node topology | Random |
Weather | Randomly selected |
Obscured node (by shadow) | Randomly select 10% of nodes |
Field size | 2500 |
Transmission range | 10 m |
Channel status (BER) | 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 |
Baud rate | 250 kbps |
Sensing rate | 32 bytes/min |
Bit per symbol | 5 bits |
Battery capacity | 100 J |
Maximum harvested energy | 49.22 J/day |
Minimum harvested energy | 14.77 J/day |
Average harvested energy | 38.72 J/day |
Transmission energy | 0.6208 nJ/byte |
Reception energy | 0.0661 µJ/byte |
Encoding energy | 47 µJ/symbol |
Decoding energy | 163 µJ/symbol |
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Gil, G.W.; Kang, M.; Kim, Y.; Yoon, I.; Noh, D.K. Efficient FEC Scheme for Solar-Powered WSNs Considering Energy and Link-Quality. Energies 2020, 13, 3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153952
Gil GW, Kang M, Kim Y, Yoon I, Noh DK. Efficient FEC Scheme for Solar-Powered WSNs Considering Energy and Link-Quality. Energies. 2020; 13(15):3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153952
Chicago/Turabian StyleGil, Gun Wook, Minjae Kang, Younghyun Kim, Ikjune Yoon, and Dong Kun Noh. 2020. "Efficient FEC Scheme for Solar-Powered WSNs Considering Energy and Link-Quality" Energies 13, no. 15: 3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153952