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Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2021) | Viewed by 17706

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Prof. Dr. Donghwa Shin

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Guest Editor

School of AI convergence, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
Interests: embedded computing systems; system-level low-power design; energy and thermal management; battery management; storage reliability including SSD

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Energies Special Issue on “Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Powered Systems".

Batteries are the most important energy source for the modern off-the-grid electric or electronic systems, and their use is continuously increasing due to the need of energy storage elements required by new application domains, such as renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. The lifetime and efficiency of a battery are largely affected by its operating temperature. The energy stored in a battery would be converted and consumed by the power converters and load devices. The energy and heat from a battery are determined by the load condition. In this context, the thermal and energy management of batteries are highly correlated to the efficiency of the battery-powered load applications. This Special Issue of Energies aims at addressing the challenges posed by the integrated management of battery temperature and energy efficiency considering the energy efficiency of the load devices, including modeling and estimation of battery-powered systems, design of energy and thermal management systems for batteries, system-level energy and thermal management techniques. Original submissions focusing on practical issues related to these particular topics including circuit topologies, estimation and control algorithms, system-level design techniques and methodologies, and practical implementation aspects are welcome. The issue will focus on these and related topics:

Battery modeling: thermal, State of Charge, and State of Health models
System energy estimation: architectural analysis, sensor placement, and estimation algorithms
Battery system design: cell balancing, grouping/packing techniques, and power electronic aspects
Energy management methods for battery-powered systems: Circuits, Algorithms for System-level power management
Cell heat generation and battery system heat transfer analyses
Battery cooling systems and battery thermal management systems
System-level integration and control of batteries into the systems
Hybrid energy system design
Battery storage of renewable energy

Prof. Dr. Donghwa Shin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Batteries
Battery management systems (BMS)
Power and thermal estimation
Thermal management
Hybrid power systems
System-level energy management

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mobile GPS Application Design Based on System-Level Power and Battery Status Estimation

by Jaemin Kim, Naehyuck Chang and Donghwa Shin

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5333; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175333 - 27 Aug 2021

Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Mobile systems such as smartphones require accurate estimation of the battery-related features including the remaining energy and operating time, especially as the the power consumption of user applications is growing continuously these days. We present an energy-aware smartphone application design framework that considers the battery’s state of charge (SOC), energy depletion rate, as well as the service quality of the target application. We use a verified-accurate battery energy estimation method in an Android-OS-based mobile computing system. The battery model considers the rate-capacity effect. We apply regression-based models for the power estimation of the major subsystems in the smartphone, and then aggregate the result to yield the whole system’s power. We first determine the quality of service for the location device (GPS), the display device (LCD), and the overall system (application). Then, we control the error rate of the GPS and the brightness of the display to acquire the maximum service quality of the system for a given car trip. We show the advantage of the proposed method with a case study of a trip. In this case, the smartphone guides a user’s car trip using its GPS navigation capabilities; to do this, we propose an adaptive algorithm that exploits our improved SOC estimation and considers the car’s variable velocity. This proposed adaptive power and service quality control of the GPS application improves the quality of service in this example case and ensures there is enough remaining battery for the trip to be completed. In contrast, conventional approaches to this task provide a lower quality of service and run out of battery before the trip finishes. In conclusion, if a trip plan is provided, an application using our method delivers the maximum quality of service, such as system endurance time, location error, and display brightness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems)

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20 pages, 17927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid-Based Battery Temperature Control of Electric Buses

by Sebastian Angermeier, Jonas Ketterer and Christian Karcher

Energies 2020, 13(19), 4990; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13194990 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Previous research identified that battery temperature control is critical to the safety, lifetime, and performance of electric vehicles. In this paper, the liquid-based battery temperature control of electric buses is investigated subject to heat transfer behavior and control strategy. Therefore, a new transient calculation method is proposed to simulate the thermal behavior of a coolant-cooled battery system. The method is based on the system identification technique and combines the advantage of low computational effort and high accuracy. In detail, four transfer functions are extracted by a thermo-hydraulic 3D simulation model comprising 12 prismatic lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells, housing, arrestors, and a cooling plate. The transfer functions describe the relationship between heat generation, cell temperature, and coolant temperature. A vehicle model calculates the power consumption of an electric bus and thus provides the input for the transient calculation. Furthermore, a cell temperature control strategy is developed with respect to the constraints of a refrigerant-based battery cooling unit. The data obtained from the simulation demonstrate the high thermal inertia of the system and suggest sufficient control of the battery temperature using a quasi-stationary cooling strategy. Thereby, the study reveals a crucial design input for battery cooling systems in terms of heat transfer behavior and control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems)

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20 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient FEC Scheme for Solar-Powered WSNs Considering Energy and Link-Quality

by Gun Wook Gil, Minjae Kang, Younghyun Kim, Ikjune Yoon and Dong Kun Noh

Energies 2020, 13(15), 3952; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153952 - 1 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2040

Abstract

In solar-powered wireless sensor networks (SP-WSNs), the best use of harvested energy is more important than minimizing energy consumption since energy can be supplied periodically. Meanwhile, as is well known, the reliability of the communication between sensor nodes is very limited due to the resource constraints of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose an efficient forward error correction (FEC) scheme which can give solar-powered wireless sensor networks more reliable communication. First, the proposed scheme provides energy-adaptive operation for the best use of solar energy. It calculates the amount of surplus energy which can be used for extra operations and then determines the number of additional parity bits for FEC according to this amount of surplus energy. At the same time, it also provides a link quality model that is used to calculate the appropriate number of parity bits for error recovery required for the current data communication environment. Finally, by considering these two parity sizes, it is possible to determine the number of parity bits that can maximize the data reliability without affecting the blacking out of nodes. The evaluation of the performance of the approach was performed by comparing the amount of data collected at the sink node and the number of blackout nodes with other schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems)

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15 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Scheduled Pre-Heating of Li-Ion Battery Packs for Balanced Temperature and State-of-Charge Distribution

by Hien Vu and Donghwa Shin

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092212 - 2 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3420

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant performance degradation such as power/energy capacity loss and life cycle reduction in low-temperature conditions. Hence, the Li-ion battery pack is heated before usage to enhance its performance and lifetime. Recently, many internal heating methods have been proposed to provide fast and efficient pre-heating. However, the proposed methods only consider a combination of unit cells while the internal heating should be implemented for multiple groups within a battery pack. In this study, we investigated the possibility of timing control to simultaneously obtain balanced temperature and state of charge (SOC) between each cell by considering geometrical and thermal characteristics of the battery pack. The proposed method schedules the order and timing of the charge/discharge period for geometrical groups in a battery pack during internal pre-heating. We performed a pack-level simulation with realistic electro-thermal parameters of the unit battery cells by using the mutual pulse heating strategy for multi-layer geometry to acquire the highest heating efficiency. The simulation results for heating from −30

^{\circ}

C to 10

^{\circ}

C indicated that a balanced temperature-SOC status can be achieved via the proposed method. The temperature difference can be decreased to 0.38

^{\circ}

C and 0.19% of the SOC difference in a heating range of 40

^{\circ}

C with only a maximum SOC loss of 2.71% at the end of pre-heating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems)

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15 pages, 1466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Battery Sizing for Electric Truck Delivery

by Donkyu Baek, Yukai Chen, Naehyuck Chang, Enrico Macii and Massimo Poncino

Energies 2020, 13(3), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030709 - 6 Feb 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3471

Abstract

Finding the cost-optimal battery size in the context of parcel delivery with Electric Vehicles (EVs) requires solving a tradeoff between using the largest possible battery (so as to maximize the number of deliveries over a given time) and the relative costs (initial investment plus the unnecessary increase of the truck weight during delivery). In this paper, we propose a framework for the optimal battery sizing for parcel delivery with an electric truck; we implement an electric truck simulator including a nonlinear battery model to evaluate revenue, battery cost, charging cost, and overall profit for annual delivery. Our framework finds the cost-optimal battery size for different parcel weight distributions and customer location distributions. We analyze the effect of battery sizing on the profit, which is up to 56%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems)

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16 pages, 4010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control Strategies and Economic Analysis of an LTO Battery Energy Storage System for AGC Ancillary Service

by Bingxiang Sun, Xitian He, Weige Zhang, Yangxi Li, Minming Gong, Yang Yang, Xiaojia Su, Zhenlin Zhu and Wenzhong Gao

Energies 2020, 13(2), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020505 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3211

Abstract

With the rapid growth of renewable energy and the DC fast charge pile of the electric vehicle, their inherent volatility and randomness increase a power system’s unbalance of instantaneous power. The need for power grid frequency regulation is increasing. The energy storage system (ESS) can be used to assist the thermal power unit so that a better frequency regulation result is obtained without changing the original operating mode of the unit. In this paper, a set of different charging/discharging control strategies of the lithium titanate battery (LTO) is proposed, which are chosen according to the interval of the State of energy (SOE) to improve the utilization rate of the ESS. Finally, the cost-benefit model of the ESS participating in automatic generation control ancillary service is established. Case analysis proves that after a 1.75 MWh ESS is configured for a 600 MW thermal power unit, K_p and D is increased from 1.42 to 6.38 and 2857 to 6895 MW. The net daily income is increased from 20,284 yuan to 199,900 yuan with a repayment period of 93 days. The results show that the control strategies and the energy configuration method can improve the performance and economic return of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Energy Management of Battery-Operated Systems)

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