A Mini Review on Doped Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Volmer step:H3O+ (aq) + e− → H* + H2O (l) (acidic)H2O (l) + e− → H* + OH- (aq) (alkaline and neutral)
- (2)
- Heyrovsky step:H* + H3O+ (aq) + e− → H2 (g) + H2O (l) (acidic)H* + H2O (l) + e− → H2 (g) + OH− (aq) (alkaline and neutral)
2. Evaluation Approaches of HER Electrocatalysts
2.1. Overpotential
2.2. Tafel Slope and Exchange Current Density
2.3. Stability
2.4. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
2.5. Free Energy of Hydrogen Adsorption
3. Heteroatom-Doped Nickel-Based HER Electrocatalysts
3.1. Noble Metal Doping
3.2. Non-Precious Metal Doping
3.3. Non-Metal Doping
4. Summary and Outlook
- Single- vs. double-doping mode. As mentioned before, heteroatom doping can affect its free energies of H* adsorption and H2 release on Ni metal [50]. However, most heteroatom doping is in single-doping mode, and its ability to adjust the electronic structure might still be limited. Instead, the double-doping mode can trigger synergistic effect and can fine-tune the electronic structure of the catalyst rather than too strongly or too weakly; thereby, improving the HER performance. Hence it is desirable that more efforts could be made in the judicious selection of different doping modes so as to achieve an optimization of the HER catalysts.
- Single atom doping. As mentioned above, the introduction of single-atom Ru into Ni5P4 would cause localized structure polarization and then create electron-rich Ru sites, reducing the energy barriers of hydrolytic ionization [41]. In addition, the localized interstitial structures would optimize the hydrogen adsorption energy; thereby, enhancing the HER performance of the Ni5P4-Ru catalyst. Hence, we highlight single-atom doping as a strategy worthy of reference for promoting catalyst performances. Notably, single-atom doping is still of great difficulty because with smaller particle size, the free energy of metals increases significantly and therefore aggregation will occur. However, the judicious selection of an appropriate substrate that provides strong interactions with the metal species can stabilize the metal centers and significantly prevent this aggregation (e.g., Ni vacancies in nickel hydroxides can stabilize the Ru sites); hence, single-atom doping can be achieved [41,62].
- Making full use of DFT calculations. DFT calculations play an increasingly important role in catalysis research. Apart from using DFT as a standard tool for answering such questions like why doping heteroatoms can increase the activity of a certain catalyst, we highlight that researchers could also employ DFT calculations as a powerful technique to predict the performances of nonexistent catalysts and therefore select out those catalysts with appropriate electronic structures for further experimental investigation. For example, Wang et al. theoretically designed and introduced a series of nonmetals (B, C, N, and O) into NiPS3 catalyst, and predicted that B and C dopants could transform the semiconducting basal plane to a metal-like property [53]. Their further experimental results corroborated the DFT predictions, showing that introduction of B or C dopants did successfully activate the inert basal plane and promote the conductivity of the NiPS3 catalyst, hence enhancing the HER performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Electrolyte | Overpotential (mV) η10 | Tafel Slope (mV/dec) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ru doped Ni(OH)2/TM-0.2 1 | 1.0 M KOH | 135 | 63.7 | [40] |
Ni5P4-Ru | 1.0 M KOH | 54 | 52.0 | [41] |
Ru-NiCoP/NF 2 | 1.0 M KOH | 44 | 45.4 | [42] |
Ni0.57V0.29Ir0.14-LDH | 1.0 M KOH | 41 | 35.9 | [22] |
Ir-doped NiCo LDH | 1.0 M KOH | 21 | 35.0 | [43] |
Mo-Ni2P | 1.0 M KOH | 81 | 53.4 | [44] |
(Fe0.048Ni0.952)2P/NF | 1.0 M KOH | 103 | 76.6 | [45] |
1.0 M PBS | 90 | 82.7 | ||
0.5 M H2SO4 | 81 | 41.6 | ||
NiCoP/rGO 3 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 58 | 50.0 | [46] |
V-Ni2P NSAs/CC 4,5 | 1.0 M KOH | 85 | 95.0 | [47] |
Ni0.82Co0.18O@C/NF 6 | 1.0 M KOH | 102 | 139.0 | [48] |
Fe11%-NiO/NF | 1.0 M KOH | 88 | 49.7 | [49] |
Ni(Cu)VOx | 1.0 M KOH | 21 | 28 | [50] |
NiP1.93Se0.07 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 84 | 41.0 | [20] |
Ni(S0.61Se0.39)2 | 1.0 M KOH | 62.7 | 62.0 | [51] |
b-S-Ni3Se4&b-Se-Ni3S2/NF 7 | 1.0 M KOH | 87 | 61.0 | [52] |
C–Ni1-xO | 1.0 M KOH | 27 | 36.0 | [53] |
C, N-NiPS3 | 1.0 M KOH | 53.2 | 38.2 | [54] |
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Deng, Y.; Lai, W.; Xu, B. A Mini Review on Doped Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Energies 2020, 13, 4651. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184651
Deng Y, Lai W, Xu B. A Mini Review on Doped Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Energies. 2020; 13(18):4651. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184651
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Yilin, Wei Lai, and Bin Xu. 2020. "A Mini Review on Doped Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction" Energies 13, no. 18: 4651. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184651