Mineralogy and Permeability of Gas and Oil Dolomite Reservoirs of the Zechstein Main Dolomite Basin in the Lubiatów Deposit (Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Location of the Hydrocarbon Deposit
- (1)
- boudstones (mainly sublittoral carbonate muddy sands; also carbonate sands and carbonate sandy muds);
- (2)
- mud-supported rocks, i.e., mudstones, wackestones and packstones with abundant bioclasts (mainly dark grey sublittoral carbonate sandy muds and carbonate muds; carbonate muddy sands and microbial sediments being frequent);
- (3)
- grain-supported rocks, i.e., packstones, grainstons, floatstones and rudstones (carbonate sands and muddy sands, carbonate sandy muds and muds).
3. Research Material and Methods
3.1. Research Material
3.2. Study of Research
- -
- mineral grains (nano and micro scale);
- -
- lithology packages (millimetre and centimetre scale);
- -
- drill core study (centimetre scale);
- -
- sedimentary complexes, lithological variability, models (regional scale).
- ZEISS SteREO discovery.v20 optical microscope at a magnification of ×80. Due to the colouring of pores and fractures in the sample, it was possible to calculate the effective porosity of the rock using the image processing program imageJ. By cutting the coloured fields out of the photos obtained, the program calculated their surface areas and thus the effective porosity of samples. The total porosity was also calculated.
- SEM (scanning electron microscope). Samples for the SEM analysis were sputtered with a thin (approx. 20 nm) carbon layer, allowing the discharge of electric charges accumulating on the surface of the tested sample, and then examined using a SIGMA VP scanning microscope with an EDS detector. The studies were carried out in high vacuum (~5 × 10−5 mbar) ensuring high resolution and quality of the image obtained and a large number of counts on the EDS detector, which results in high quality of mappings (spatial distribution analysis) of chemical elements. The surface area occupied by dark fields in the BSE image, which can be interpreted as pore space/fractures or an area filled with the epoxy resin/cyanoacrylate adhesive used for making thin sections, was automatically counted. It was possible to determine the total and effective porosity.
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Samples were recorded in the range of 4–78° 2θ, with a step of 0.026° 2θ, powder preparations, pressed with the preparation rotation 1 rps, filtered CoKα radiation (Fe filter) with current parameters of 30 mA and 40 kV. Analysis of the results was carried out using the X’ Pert HighScore Plus software (ver. 2.2e) and the ICDD PDF-2 Release 2008 RDB database.
3.3. Permeability Measurements
4. Results
4.1. Mineralogical Composition
4.2. Permeability Coefficient
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Sample No | Cored Interval (m) | Sampling Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|
Well 1 (L1) | |||
1 | L1/2 | 3266–3278 | 3273.35–3273.45 |
2 | L1/1 | 3278–3292 | 3283.80–3283.90 |
Well 2 (L2) | |||
3 | L2/1 | 3265.5–3283 | 3274.32–3274.42 |
4 | L2/3 | 3265.5–3283 | 3275.85–3275.95 |
5 | L2/2 | 3265.5–3283 | 3276.90–3277.00 |
Well 2k (L2k) | |||
6 | 3/3 kw | 3348–3361 | 3356.85–3356.95 |
7 | 5/5 w | 3348–3361 | 3357.32–3357.42 |
8 | 4/4 w | 3361–3366 | 3361.20–3361.30 |
9 | 2/2 s | 3366–3375 | 3367.17–3367.27 |
10 | 1/1 kw | 3366–3375 | 3369.50–3369.60 |
Sample No, Depth (m) | Macroscopic Description | Optical Microscope | X-ray Diffraction XRD | Scanning Electron Microscope SEM |
---|---|---|---|---|
L1/2 3273.35–3273.45 | Grey pelite dolomite, porous, with less porous irregular clasts | Fine-grained, equigranular dolomite, highly porous. Pores are usually oval, particularly larger ones. | Dolomite 88%; anhydrite 6%; plagioclase 6% | Dolomite 68.4; quartz 1.03%; plagioclase 4.18%; clay minerals 0.004%. |
L2/1 3274.32–3274.42 | Grey pelite dolomite, hard, numerous clay-dolomitic laminae, yellow-green oil seeps, bituminous smell | Fine-grained, equigranular dolomite, admixture of anhydrite usually forming large clusters of crystals. | Dolomite 91%; anhydrite 4%; plagioclases 4%; quartz 1%. | Dolomite 72.64–75.08%; anhydrite 0.24–1.33%; fine-grained quartz 0.26–0.52%; clay minerals 0.004–0.01%; traces of feldspars. |
L 2/3 3275.85–3275.95 | Dark grey dolomite with numerous seeps of green-yellow oil; fine lenses of calcite and sporadically of anhydrite; bituminous smell. | Fine-grained dolomite with anhydrite, high porosity. | Dolomite 94%; anhydrite 1%; plagioclases 5%; quartz 1%. | Dolomite 78.03%; anhydrite 0.88%; fine-grained quartz 0.76%; clay minerals 0.08% |
L2/2 3276.90–3277.00 | Dark grey dolomite, with numerous seeps of yellow-green oil, lenses of light calcite and sporadically of anhydrite; bituminous smell. | Fine-grained dolomite, porous; fine-grained anhydrite. | - | Dolomite 84.13%; fine-grained anhydrite 0.75%; fine-grained quartz 0.57%. |
L1/1 3283.80–3283.90 | Pelite dolomite, grey, almost black on a broken rock surface, yellow-green oil shows in some scarce small fractures along cracks. | Fine-grained dolomite with organic debris forming larger clasts containing oval pores, some pores are very large in size. | Dolomite 79%; anhydrite 5%; plagioclases and fluorite 1%. | Dolomite—64.65%; fine-grained quartz 1.25%; anhydrite 4.54%; calcite 0.54%; clay minerals 0.03%; trace amounts of feldspars. |
L 2k/3 3356.85–3356.95 | Black pelite dolomite, locally fine-grained, distinctly laminated obliquely to the core axis. | Very fine-grained dolomite, distinctly bedded. | Dolomite 95%; anhydrite 2%; plagioclases 1%; quartz 2%. | Very fine-grained quartz, feldspars, fine-grained anhydrite. |
L 2k/5 3357.32–3357.42 | Grey dolomite, locally finely crystalline, pelitic in places. | Fine-grained dolomite; zones with very fine pores of very irregular shapes are observed. | Dolomite 91%; anhydrite 5%; plagioclases 1%; quartz 1%. | - |
L 2k/4 3361.20–3361.30 | Grey dolomite, slightly crystalline, finely laminated with pelite dolomite, fractures filled with calcite. | Very fine-grained dolomite; variously sized pores, locally oval. | Dolomite 95%; anhydrite 2%; plagioclases 1%; quartz 1%. | Dolomite 63%; anhydrite 3.68–6.50%, very fine–grained quartz 0.40–4.14%; trace amounts of feldspars and clay minerals. |
L 2k/2 3367.17–3367.27 | Dark grey dolomite with a beige hue, fine-grained, variably recrystallized; laminated and bedded dolomite, bituminous smell. | Equigranular dolomite; traces of dispersed gypsum. | Dolomite 95%; anhydrite 2%; plagioclases 1%; quartz 1% | Dolomite 83.13%; fine–grained quartz 1.2–1.7%. anhydrite 0.7–1.22%. |
L 2k/1 3369.50–3369.60 | Dark grey, fine-grained dolomite with a beige hue, variably recrystallized; laminated and bedded dolomite, bituminous smell. | Fine-grained dolomite, organogenic fragments are visible in places, anhydrite in patches, small pores, most often closed. | Dolomite 95%; anhydrite 2%; plagioclases 1%; quartz 1%. | Dolomite 73.32%; quartz 2.10–2.50%; dispersed feldspars; anhydrite 1.33%. |
Sample No | Dolomite (%) | Quartz (%) | Gypsum (%) | Anhydrite (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
L 2k/3 | 91 | 4.62 | 1.68 | 1.97 |
L 2k/5 | 81 | 5.43 | 4.75 | 3.94 |
L 2k/4 | 89 | 0.4 | 6.5 | 3.68 |
L 2k/2 | 97 | 1.70 | 1.22 | 0.7 |
L 2k/1 | 76 | 2.10 | 1.3 | 19.43 |
L 1/2 | 88 | 1.03 | 0.24 | 4.80 |
L 2/1 | 91 | 0.52 | 0.08 | 1.33 |
L 2/3 | 94 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 4.02 |
L 2/2 | 90 | 0.57 | 4.18 | 0.67 |
L 1/1 | 79 | 1.25 | 4.54 | 15.77 |
Sample No | Permeability Coefficient (mD) | Effective Porosity (%); Method—Porosimeter | Effective Porosity (%); Method—SEM | Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
L 2k/3 | 13.83 | 5.03 | 3356.85–3356.95 | |
L 2k/5 | 135.58 | 21.14 | 18.66 | 3357.32–3357.42 |
L 2k/4 | 13.75 | 4.69 | 25.17 | 3361.20–3361.30 |
L 2k/2 | 7.40 | 12.58 | 15.16 | 3367.17–3367.27 |
L 2k/1 | 0.93 | 5.57 | 3369.50–3369.60 | |
L 1/2 | 12.44 | 25.69 | 3273.35–3273.45 | |
L 2/1 | 9.87 | 25.58 | 3274.32–3274.42 | |
L 2/3 | 25.40 | 22.54 | 3275.85–3275.95 | |
L 2/2 | 9.82 | 19.95 | 3276.90–3277.00 | |
Average | 25.45 | 9.80 | 23.00 | Range 3273.35–3383.90 |
Max | 135.58 | 4.69 | 15.16 | |
Min | 7.40 | 21.14 | 31.21 |
Lithology | Effective Porosity (%) |
---|---|
Well 1 | |
Boundstones | 0.29 |
Mudstones and wackestones | 9.91 |
Packstones, grainstones, floatstones and rudstones | 19.02 |
Well 2 | |
Mudstones and wackestones | 3.88 |
Packstones, grainstones, floatstones and rudstones | 19.50 |
Well 4 | |
Mudstones and wackestones | 6.15 |
Packstones, grainstones, floatstones and rudstones | 12.57 |
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Krogulec, E.; Sawicka, K.; Zabłocki, S.; Falkowska, E. Mineralogy and Permeability of Gas and Oil Dolomite Reservoirs of the Zechstein Main Dolomite Basin in the Lubiatów Deposit (Poland). Energies 2020, 13, 6436. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236436
Krogulec E, Sawicka K, Zabłocki S, Falkowska E. Mineralogy and Permeability of Gas and Oil Dolomite Reservoirs of the Zechstein Main Dolomite Basin in the Lubiatów Deposit (Poland). Energies. 2020; 13(23):6436. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236436
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrogulec, Ewa, Katarzyna Sawicka, Sebastian Zabłocki, and Ewa Falkowska. 2020. "Mineralogy and Permeability of Gas and Oil Dolomite Reservoirs of the Zechstein Main Dolomite Basin in the Lubiatów Deposit (Poland)" Energies 13, no. 23: 6436. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236436