Fault-Tolerant Control in a Peak-Power Reduction System of a Traction Substation with Multi-String Battery Energy Storage System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Energy Storage Systems in Traction Application
- voltage stabilization;
- energy saving;
- load levelling;
- peak power reduction [16].
1.2. Contribution of the Paper
- Presentation of the new control strategy concept of the DROPT-FTC system that tolerates damage of PCS or BES segments;
- Description of the decision algorithm and control method;
- Analysis of the DROPT-FTC system in several cases of single components failure;
- Determination of the range of the power limitation of the DROPT-FTC system in the event of failure of the BESS components which still allows for the maintenance of the assumed limitation of the demanded power.
1.3. Structure of the Paper
2. Traction Substation with DROPT-FTC System
2.1. Basic Description of Proposed System
- several parallel-connected DC/DC converters of the PCS system (multi-converter PCS);
- several parallel-connected BES link chains (multi-chain BES);
- BESS-SCADA master controller.
- reduction and maintenance of the demanded (contracted) 15 min peak power at the assumed and adjusted level;
- reduction of instantaneous power (full effectiveness possible only in failure-free state of DROPT-FTC).
2.2. Load Reduction with DROPT-FTC in Normal State
3. Fault-Tolerant Control of Multi-String Battery Energy Storage System
3.1. Adaptation of Power Limits in DROPT-FTC
- —power limit of BESS in a one-threshold reduction strategy in the normal state of the BESS, when all of PCS and BES strings are available;
- —power limit of BESS in a two-threshold reduction strategy in a state of limited availability of the BESS, when at least one PCS or BES string is damaged or disconnected;
- —power limit of BESS in three-threshold reduction strategy in state of limited availability of the BESS, when at least two PCSs or BES strings are damaged or disconnected;
- —demanded power limit, parameter controlled by DROPT-FTC system, maximum value of 15 min averaged power ;
- ; ; —instantaneous powers on the AC side of traction substation: in normal state, n-1 state and n-2 state respectively.
- two-threshold reduction strategy, of so-called “top-down adaptation” [24] in which the maximum instantaneous power is reduced by balancing DC load power with the available power to be below the level: ;
- three-threshold reduction strategy, of so-called “top-down adaptation” in which the maximum instantaneous power is reduced by balancing DC load power with the available power to be below the level: .
- ➢
- the first-threshold is directly proportional to ;
- ➢
- the second-threshold depends on the available power of BESS when one PSC or BES fails;
- ➢
- the third-threshold is depends on the available power of BESS when two PCS or BES fails.
3.2. Control Algorithm of the DROPT-FTC
4. Case Study of the DROPT-FTC System
4.1. Available Power and Energy of Battery Energy Storage System
4.2. Multi-String Energy Storage System
5. Analysis of the DROPT-FTC with Proposed Fault-Tolerant Algorithm
5.1. Basic Parameters for Simulation Research
5.2. Result of Simulation Research
6. Discussion of the Simulation Results
Operational Expenditure
7. Conclusions
8. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations and Nomenclature
DROPT | Dynamic Reduction of Traction Substation Load |
DROPT-FTC | Dynamic Reduction of Traction Substation Load with Fault-Tolerant Control |
BESS | Battery Energy Storage System |
BES | Battery Energy Storage |
ES | Energy Storage |
BMS | Battery Management System |
PCS | Power Conversion System |
PCS-CC | Power Conversion System—Converter Control |
SCADA | Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition |
CU | Control Unit |
TS | Traction Substation |
TR | Transformer |
RC | Rectifier |
L | Choke |
PCC | Point of Common Coupling |
AC | Alternating Current |
DC | Direct Current |
Rated power of traction substation | |
Demanded, 15 min averaged power | |
Reduced level of demanded, 15 min averaged power | |
Demanded power limit—control parameter | |
BESS power of DROPT-FTC system (summarised power of all PCS) | |
Rated energy of DROPT-FTC system | |
Maximum available energy of DROPT-FTC system in failure-free operation condition | |
AC power flow—supply side of TS | |
Instantaneous AC power flow, averaged 1 s (1 s) | |
Maximum value of AC power flow, averaged 1 s (1 s) | |
AC power flow, averaged 15 min (15 min) | |
DC power flow—output side of TS | |
Maximum value of DC load power | |
DC load power of TS with DROPT-FTC | |
n | Normal state of the BESS |
n-1 | Reduction of available power or energy, and charging power by one-level |
n-2 | Reduction of available power or energy, and charging power by two-level |
Current BESS power | |
Maximum available power of BESS in case of n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Maximum available power of BESS in case of n status | |
Maximum available power of BESS in case of n-1 status | |
Maximum available power of BESS in case of n-2 status | |
Current BESS power level, according to n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Current BES power level, according to n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Total power of available PCS systems, according to n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Power taken from BESS | |
Charging power of BES, according to n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Maximum charging power of BES in case of n status | |
Maximum charging power of BES in case of n-1 status | |
Maximum charging power of BES in case of n-2 status | |
Current BES energy level, according to n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Maximum available energy of BES in case of n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Maximum available energy of BES in case of n status | |
Maximum available energy of BES in case of n-1 status | |
Maximum available energy of BES in case of n-2 status | |
Current State of Charge of BES | |
Maximum level of state of charge (100%) | |
Maximum level of state of charge (it should not exceed 90% for Li-Ion technology) | |
Minimum level of state of charge, according to n; n-1; n-2 status | |
Minimum level of state of charge in case of n status | |
Minimum level of state of charge in case of n-1 status | |
Minimum level of state of charge in case of n-2 status | |
State of Charge of BES, according to n; n-1; n-2 state | |
Depth of Discharge of BES | |
C-rate | A measure of the rate at which a battery is being charge or discharge |
Operational expenditure of Traction Substation | |
SPBT | Simple Payback Time |
TOU | Time-of-use |
OBESS | On-Board Energy Storage System |
WESS | Wayside Energy Storage System |
TESS | Trackside Energy Storage System |
HESS | Hybrid Energy Storage System |
HSRS | High-Speed Railway Substation |
SHB | Service Headway Breaking |
ESDI | Extending Stopping Distance Interval |
NiMH | Nickel Metal Hydride |
LFP (LiFePO4) | Lithium Iron Phosphate |
NMC | Nickle Manganese Cobalt |
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TS | DROPT-FTC | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(MW) | (MW) | (MW) | (MW) | (MWh) | (MWh) | (%) | (%) |
6.30 | 3.10 | 0.75 | 5.50 | 1.80 | 0.90 | 90 | 40 |
Parameters | ∑PCS | PCS (1) | PCS (2) | PCS (3) | ∑BES | BES (1) | BES (2) | BES (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(MW) | 5.500 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 1.500 | - | - | - | - |
(MWh) | - | - | - | - | 1.800 | 0.655 | 0.655 | 0.490 |
Parameters | ∑PCS | PCS (1) | PCS (2) | PCS (3) | PCS (4) | ∑BES | BES (1) | BES (2) | BES (3) | BES (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(MW) | 5.500 | 1.375 | 1.375 | 1.375 | 1.375 | - | - | - | - | - |
(MWh) | - | - | - | - | - | 1.800 | 0.450 | 0.450 | 0.450 | 0.450 |
Parameters | Base | Three-String BESS | Four-String BESS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rated | Normal (n) | CASE IA (n-1) | CASE IB (n-1) | CASE IC (n-2) | CASE IIA (n-1) | CASE IIB (n-1) | CASE IIIA (n-1) | CASE IIIB (n-1) | CASE IIIC (n-2) | |
(MW) | 5.500 | 5.260 | 3.840 | 3.840 | 1.920 | 3.360 | 3.360 | 3.960 | 3.960 | 2.630 |
(MWh) | 1.800 | 0.900 | 0.786 | 0.916 | 0.458 | 0.687 | 0.802 | 0.810 | 0.945 | 0.630 |
(%) | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
(%) | 0 | 40 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(%) | - | - | 30 | - | - | 30 | - | 30 | - | - |
(%) | - | - | - | 20 | 20 | - | 20 | - | 20 | 20 |
(MW) | - | 0.420 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.380 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.380 |
Parameters | Base | Three-String BESS | Four-String BESS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n) | CASE IA (n-1) | CASE IB (n-1) | CASE IC (n-2) | CASE IIA (n-1) | CASE IIB (n-1) | CASE IIIA (n-1) | CASE IIIB (n-1) | CASE IIIC (n-2) | |
(MW) | 5.260 | 3.840 | 3.840 | 1.920 | 3.360 | 3.360 | 3.960 | 3.960 | 2.630 |
(MWh) | 0.900 | 0.786 | 0.916 | 0.458 | 0.687 | 0.802 | 0.810 | 0.945 | 0.630 |
(%) | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
(%) | 40 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 20 | 30 | 20 | 20 |
(MW) | 0.420 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.380 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.380 |
(MW) | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 | 0.750 |
(MW) | 0.743 | 0.731 | 0.728 | 0.839 | 0.739 | 0.732 | 0.731 | 0.723 | 0.754 |
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Szott, M.; Jarnut, M.; Kaniewski, J.; Pilimon, Ł.; Wermiński, S. Fault-Tolerant Control in a Peak-Power Reduction System of a Traction Substation with Multi-String Battery Energy Storage System. Energies 2021, 14, 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154565
Szott M, Jarnut M, Kaniewski J, Pilimon Ł, Wermiński S. Fault-Tolerant Control in a Peak-Power Reduction System of a Traction Substation with Multi-String Battery Energy Storage System. Energies. 2021; 14(15):4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154565
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzott, Marcin, Marcin Jarnut, Jacek Kaniewski, Łukasz Pilimon, and Szymon Wermiński. 2021. "Fault-Tolerant Control in a Peak-Power Reduction System of a Traction Substation with Multi-String Battery Energy Storage System" Energies 14, no. 15: 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154565