Synthesis of Antennas for Active Glazing Unit with Photovoltaic Modules
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Object under Investigation
- proximity to the structural elements of the building facade (metal, glass, reinforced concrete, etc.) and the PV cells (Appendix A), which disturbs the shape of the radiation pattern and affects the impedance parameters of the antenna system;
- presence of the conductive TCO or heating layer which is a barrier to the electromagnetic field;
- the need to ensure easy integration of the RFID sensor and the specified object, without significant interference in the production of glazing units;
- appropriate shaping of the radiation pattern in order to provide the possibility of reading and writing the RFID tag, both from inside and outside of the building; and,
- impedance matching to the selected RFID chip in the broadest possible frequency range, at minimum in the bands 865–868 MHz and 902–928 MHz.
1.2. Concept of the Problem Unravelling
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of Materials
2.2. Pane Impact on RFID Antenna Performance
2.3. TCO Impact on RFID Antenna Efficiency
2.4. Immunity to the Influence of Application Environment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bidirectional Antennas
3.1.1. Antenna Design
3.1.2. Impact of Size of Opening in Thin Layer
3.1.3. Impact of Unit Frame Proximity
3.2. Antenna with Reflector Introduced into the Glazing Unit
3.2.1. Antenna Design without Own Reflector
3.2.2. Reflector under TCO Layer
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Layer | εr | δ, S/m | Thickness |
---|---|---|---|
Glass | 6,7 | N/A | 2 mm |
Transparent conductive oxides ITO | N/A | 10−6 | 600 nm |
Transparent semi-conductive oxides TiO2 | 85 | N/A | 10 µm |
Electrolyte | N/A | 3·10−4 | 0,4 mm |
Catalyst layer, Pt | N/A | 9,66·10−6 | 5 nm |
Appendix B
Appendix C
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Pos. | Name of Dielectric Material | Thickness, mm | εr | tgδ |
1. | Glass: Low Iron | 1.92 | 7.00 | 9.290·10−3 |
2. | Laminate: Low Iron + SKC EVA sheet + Low Iron | 4.24 | 6.61 | 9.423·10−3 |
3. | Pikligton NSG TEC 250 | 3.21 | 6.8 | 9.000·10−3 |
4. | AGC Stopray Vision-50 | 5.864 | 5.0 | 9.000·10−3 |
5. | ISOLA FR408 | 0.51 | 4.44 | 9.605·10−3 |
6. | DuPont Pyralux LF9150R | 0.125 | 3.55 | 9.200·10−3 |
7. | ISOLA IS-680-300 microwave | 1.547 | 3.08 | 3.000·10−3 |
Pos. | Name of Functional Layer | Thickness, µm | R, Ω/▯ | δ,S/m |
1 | TCO (NSG TEC 250) | 0.5 | 300 | |
2 | TCO (Stopray Vison-50) | 0.5 | 5 | |
3 | Cu clad (FR408) | 18 | 4.8·108 | |
4 | Cu clad (Pyralux LF9150R) | 35 | 4.8·108 |
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Jankowski-Mihułowicz, P.; Węglarski, M.; Lichoń, W.; Chamera, M.; Pyt, P.; Ciejka, C. Synthesis of Antennas for Active Glazing Unit with Photovoltaic Modules. Energies 2021, 14, 6632. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206632
Jankowski-Mihułowicz P, Węglarski M, Lichoń W, Chamera M, Pyt P, Ciejka C. Synthesis of Antennas for Active Glazing Unit with Photovoltaic Modules. Energies. 2021; 14(20):6632. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206632
Chicago/Turabian StyleJankowski-Mihułowicz, Piotr, Mariusz Węglarski, Wojciech Lichoń, Mateusz Chamera, Patryk Pyt, and Cezary Ciejka. 2021. "Synthesis of Antennas for Active Glazing Unit with Photovoltaic Modules" Energies 14, no. 20: 6632. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206632