The Santorini Volcanic Complex as a Valuable Source of Enzymes for Bioenergy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source of the Investigated Metagenomic Data
2.2. List of Genes
2.3. Phylogenetic Tree of Endoglucanases, Beta-Glucosidases and Alpha-Galactosidases
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EC Number | WH1 | WH2 | RED1 | RED2 | RED3 | CH1-V16c.out | CH1-V16c.mid | CH1-V16c.in | CH2 | WAT1 | WAT2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Cellulases | ||||||||||||
endoglucanases (EG) | EC 3.2.1.4 | 637 | 222 | 1646 | 60 | 72 | 29 | 32 | 17 | 372 | 119 | 178 |
beta-glucosidase (BGL) bgIX | EC 3.2.1.21 | 586 | 226 | 1164 | 33 | 98 | 21 | 19 | 22 | 282 | 262 | 296 |
beta-glucosidase (BGL) E3.2.1.21 | EC 3.2.1.21 | 163 | 4 | 271 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
beta-glucosidase (BGL) bgIB | EC 3.2.1.21 | 124 | 70 | 450 | 17 | 27 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 164 | 82 | 125 |
cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase CBHA_B & CBHC | EC 3.2.1.91 | 18 | 21 | 36 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 12 |
exoglucanases/cellobiohydrolases (CBH) | EC 3.2.1.176 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
exoglucanases/cellobiohydrolases (CBH) | EC 3.2.1.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2. Hemicellulases | ||||||||||||
alpha-galactosidases E3.2.1.22B, gaIA, rafA | EC 3.2.1.22 | 153 | 216 | 530 | 9 | 23 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 180 | 86 | 179 |
endo-1,4-beta-xylanase xynA | EC 3.2.1.8 | 129 | 38 | 285 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 114 | 38 | 55 |
alpha-galactosidases melA | EC 3.2.1.22 | 111 | 50 | 445 | 25 | 48 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 88 | 102 | 206 |
alpha-N-arabinofuranosidases abfA | EC 3.2.1.55 | 92 | 28 | 487 | 20 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 57 | 50 | 63 |
beta-glucuronidase uidA, GUSB | EC 3.2.1.31 | 78 | 17 | 388 | 6 | 21 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 80 | 12 | 16 |
xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase xynB | EC 3.2.1.37 | 60 | 8 | 163 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 14 | 6 |
mannans endo 1,4-beta-mannosidase gmuG | EC 3.2.1.78 | 38 | 5 | 159 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 28 | 6 | 5 |
feruloyl esterase | EC 3.1.1.73 | 21 | 4 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 28 | 53 | 71 |
acetylxylan esterases AXE1 | EC 3.1.1.72 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
licheninase | EC 3.2.1.73 | 7 | 1 | 23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase xynD | EC 3.2.1.55 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
alpha-galactosidases GLA | EC 3.2.1.22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
beta-D-xylosidase 4 XYL4 | EC 3.2.1.37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3 |
xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase XEG | EC 3.2.1.151 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
mannans endo 1,4-beta-mannosidase MAN | EC 3.2.1.78 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 4 |
3. Lignin-degrading enzymes | ||||||||||||
laccases | EC 1.10.3.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
lignin peroxidase (LiP) | EC 1.11.1.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
manganese peroxidase (MnP) | EC 1.11.1.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Polymenakou, P.N.; Nomikou, P.; Zafeiropoulos, H.; Mandalakis, M.; Anastasiou, T.I.; Kilias, S.; Kyrpides, N.C.; Kotoulas, G.; Magoulas, A. The Santorini Volcanic Complex as a Valuable Source of Enzymes for Bioenergy. Energies 2021, 14, 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051414
Polymenakou PN, Nomikou P, Zafeiropoulos H, Mandalakis M, Anastasiou TI, Kilias S, Kyrpides NC, Kotoulas G, Magoulas A. The Santorini Volcanic Complex as a Valuable Source of Enzymes for Bioenergy. Energies. 2021; 14(5):1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051414
Chicago/Turabian StylePolymenakou, Paraskevi N., Paraskevi Nomikou, Haris Zafeiropoulos, Manolis Mandalakis, Thekla I. Anastasiou, Stephanos Kilias, Nikos C. Kyrpides, Georgios Kotoulas, and Antoniοs Magoulas. 2021. "The Santorini Volcanic Complex as a Valuable Source of Enzymes for Bioenergy" Energies 14, no. 5: 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051414