Identification of Lightning Overvoltage in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electromagnetic Field of Lightning Discharge
3. Measurements
- 4 brushless motors with 3 coils,
- GPS navigation using USART communication to determine position,
- Accelerometer using I2C communication to identify orientation with respect to the ground,
- Radio Frequency (RF) communication at 2.4 GHz band using a unipol antenna to control UAV functions,
- 7.4 V lithium-polymer battery—for 10 min of work,
- Camera with its own communication at 2.4 GHz band to operator display,
- Electronic Speed Controllers (one for each motor) to control the direction of flight was used.
- 1 MΩ input resistance,
- 50 MHz bandwidth,
- 1 GSa/s sampling,
- 8-bit resolution.
- High impedance input,
- 70 MHz bandwidth,
- 7 kV range.
- (1)
- Motor coils tests—to check the difference between them,
- (2)
- Influence of surge polarization (positive and negative),
- (3)
- Propagation of overvoltage in all functional blocks of a drone,
- (4)
- Measurement impulses going through a single block and a group of blocks—to compare the difference between simulations and real results of the measurement.
- (a)
- Motor coils—points no 1, 2 and 3,
- (b)
- ESC—points no: 4 (supply) and 5 (control),
- (c)
- Supply bus—point no 8,
- (d)
- GPS module—point no 10,
- (e)
- RF module—point no 6,
- (f)
- Antenna—point no 7,
- (g)
- Communication bus—points no 9 and 11,
- (h)
- Voltage stabilizer—point no 12.
4. Transmittance of Circuits and Modeling
5. Testing Model of the Drone in Matlab
- The direct path from input to the measuring point through two or three different circuits (e.g., Coil > ESC > supply).
- Measuring each of the parts separately and adding results together.
6. Conclusions
- measurements under RTCA DO-160 standards (recommended for avionics),
- data collection for all important circuits of the drone,
- determination of transmittance for them,
- designing the model using approximation and real measurement transmittance (and comparing them with each other).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Block | Input/Output | Equation | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
Motor coil | Points 1, 3/Point 5 | f(x) = −4.8 × 10−9∙x3 + 7.479 × 10−6∙x2 − 2.623 × 10−3∙x + 0.18 | 87% |
ESC | Points 1, 3/Point 8 | f(x) = 1.21 × 10−8∙x3 − 1.3056 × 10−5∙x2 + 4.49 × 10−3∙x − 0.0280529 | 97% |
Voltage Stabilizer | Point 8/Point 12 | f(x) = 8.8 × 10−9∙x3 − 9.1164 × 10−6∙x2 + 2.8036154 × 10−3∙x − 0.053488 | 90% |
UART | Point 8/Point 11 | f(x) = 2.8 × 10−9∙x3 − 3.1018 × 10−6∙x2 + 9.609775 × 10−4∙x − 0.01514 | 53% |
RF Module | Point 8/Point 7 | f(x) = 8.8 × 10−9∙x3 − 9.1208 × 10−6∙x2 + 2.782078 × 10−3∙x − 0.0469546 | 89% |
GPS | Point 8/Point 10 | f(x) = 3 × 10−10∙x3 − 6.598 × 10−7∙x2 + 4.10553 × 10−5∙x + 0.22307 | 87% |
I2C | Point 8/Point 9 | f(x) = 1.2 × 10−9∙x3 − 1.8723 × 10−6∙x2 + 5.246636 × 10−4∙x + 0.1965429 | 89% |
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Kossowski, T.; Szczupak, P. Identification of Lightning Overvoltage in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Energies 2022, 15, 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186609
Kossowski T, Szczupak P. Identification of Lightning Overvoltage in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Energies. 2022; 15(18):6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186609
Chicago/Turabian StyleKossowski, Tomasz, and Paweł Szczupak. 2022. "Identification of Lightning Overvoltage in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" Energies 15, no. 18: 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186609