Author Contributions
E.A.D.F.N., R.P. and A.S. conceived and designed the study; D.C.C.C., T.F.d.N. and R.P., methodology; R.P., T.F.d.N. and E.A.D.F.N. performed the simulations and experiments; E.V., D.C.C.C., R.P. and A.S. reviewed the manuscript and provided valuable suggestions; D.C.C.C., T.F.d.N., R.P. and E.A.D.F.N. wrote the paper; supervision, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Block Diagram of EFR Based-Wind Power System.
Figure 1.
Block Diagram of EFR Based-Wind Power System.
Figure 2.
Constructive Aspect of the EFR.
Figure 2.
Constructive Aspect of the EFR.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram illustrating the fixed fields in the synchronous and asynchronous rotors and velocities involved.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram illustrating the fixed fields in the synchronous and asynchronous rotors and velocities involved.
Figure 4.
Block diagram of armature speed influence.
Figure 4.
Block diagram of armature speed influence.
Figure 5.
Simulation analysis for the EFR elementary model of EFR (a) Rotor speed, (b) Armature speed, (c) Rotor currents, (d) Armature currents.
Figure 5.
Simulation analysis for the EFR elementary model of EFR (a) Rotor speed, (b) Armature speed, (c) Rotor currents, (d) Armature currents.
Figure 6.
Rotor-flux-oriented control with conventional speed regulation.
Figure 6.
Rotor-flux-oriented control with conventional speed regulation.
Figure 7.
Rotor-flux-oriented control with fuzzy speed regulation.
Figure 7.
Rotor-flux-oriented control with fuzzy speed regulation.
Figure 8.
Membership functions associated with the speed error signal.
Figure 8.
Membership functions associated with the speed error signal.
Figure 9.
Membership functions associated with the sign of the speed error derivative.
Figure 9.
Membership functions associated with the sign of the speed error derivative.
Figure 10.
Open-loop speed gain analysis with illustration of the performance of the (a) rotor speed, (b) the generator output voltages and (c) armature speed.
Figure 10.
Open-loop speed gain analysis with illustration of the performance of the (a) rotor speed, (b) the generator output voltages and (c) armature speed.
Figure 11.
Rotor-flux-oriented control based speed regulation dynamic performance (a) rotor speed, (b) the generator output voltages, (c) speed armature.
Figure 11.
Rotor-flux-oriented control based speed regulation dynamic performance (a) rotor speed, (b) the generator output voltages, (c) speed armature.
Figure 12.
Analysis of speed gain by Fuzzy regulation with illustration performance of (a) rotor speed, (b) the generator output voltages and (c) armature speed.
Figure 12.
Analysis of speed gain by Fuzzy regulation with illustration performance of (a) rotor speed, (b) the generator output voltages and (c) armature speed.
Figure 13.
Power flow analysis with conventional speed regulation with illustration of (a) rotor and armature profiles, (b) voltages and (c) currents consumed by EFR, (d) voltages, (e) currents consumed by the resistive load, (f) electrical power of the devices and (g) EFR power factor and prototype global efficiency.
Figure 13.
Power flow analysis with conventional speed regulation with illustration of (a) rotor and armature profiles, (b) voltages and (c) currents consumed by EFR, (d) voltages, (e) currents consumed by the resistive load, (f) electrical power of the devices and (g) EFR power factor and prototype global efficiency.
Figure 14.
Power flow analysis with fuzzy speed regulation with illustration of the (a) rotor and armature profiles, (b) Voltage and (c) currents consumed by the EFR, (d) Voltage, (e) currents drawn by the resistive load, (f) electrical power of devices a, and (g) EFR power factor and overall prototype efficiency.
Figure 14.
Power flow analysis with fuzzy speed regulation with illustration of the (a) rotor and armature profiles, (b) Voltage and (c) currents consumed by the EFR, (d) Voltage, (e) currents drawn by the resistive load, (f) electrical power of devices a, and (g) EFR power factor and overall prototype efficiency.
Table 1.
DC Motor Nominal Parameters.
Table 1.
DC Motor Nominal Parameters.
Parameters | Value |
---|
Power | 1.5 cv |
Velocity | 1800 rpm |
Voltage | 180 V |
Current | 6.0 A |
Table 2.
EFR Nominal Parameters.
Table 2.
EFR Nominal Parameters.
Parameters | Value |
---|
Nominal Power | 3.0 cv |
Nominal Speed | 3600 rpm |
Number of poles | 2 |
Voltage | 180 V |
Resistance of rotor and armature | 2.3 and 2.8 Ohm |
rotor and armature reactance | 3.7 and 3.9 Ohm |
Mutual Inductance | 220 mH |
Table 3.
Synchronous Generator Nominal Parameters.
Table 3.
Synchronous Generator Nominal Parameters.
Paramaters | Value |
---|
Power | 1.0 kW |
Velocity | 1800 rpm |
Number of poles | 4 |
Voltage | 180 V |
Resistance of rotor and armature | 1.7 and 4.1 Ohm |
Field Resistance and Reactance | 1.1 and 2.8 Ohm |
Mutual Inductance | 300 mH |
Table 4.
Specifications for the simulation of the EFR elementary model.
Table 4.
Specifications for the simulation of the EFR elementary model.
Parameter | Value |
---|
Poles number () | 2 |
Rotor resistance () | 6 Ω |
Armature resistance () | 6 Ω |
Armature inductance () | 30 mH |
Rotor inductance () | 30 mH |
Mutual coupling inductance () | 500 mH |
Nominal Power (P) | 2.0 kW |
Nominal Voltage () | 380 V |
Nominal Current ( ) | 2.8 A |
Nominal frequency | 60 Hz |
Nominal Velocity | 1740 rpm |
Inertia Moment (Rotor+Generator) () | 0.02 kg·m |
Inertia Moment (Armature+Turbine) () | 0.978 kg·m |
Friction coefficient (Rotor+Generator) () | 0.003 N·m/rad·s |
Friction coefficient (Rotor+Turbine) () | 9.0 N·m/rad·s |
Table 5.
Parameters of Membership Functions and .
Table 5.
Parameters of Membership Functions and .
FP | Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|
EN | | | | | | |
EP | | | | | | |
EZ | | | | 0.0 | | |
DN | | −1000 | | −0.00001 | | 0.0 |
DP | | 0.0 | | 0.00001 | | 1000 |
DZ | | −0.0003 | | 0.0 | | 0.0003 |
Table 6.
Fuzzy rules framework for EFR speed regulation.
Table 6.
Fuzzy rules framework for EFR speed regulation.
| | EN | EZ | EP |
---|
| |
---|
DN | | | |
DZ | | | |
DP | | | |
Table 7.
Technical specifications for the operating scenarios.
Table 7.
Technical specifications for the operating scenarios.
Parameter | Value |
---|
DC motor power range | = 0–50 V, = 0–6 A |
VSI DC bus voltage | = 100 V |
DC-link capacitors | C = 4700 μF |
Filter inductors L | lc = 500 μF |
EFR magnetizing inductance | = 0.22 H |
Voltage in the generator field winding | = 0–7.0 V |
Current in the generator field winding | = 0–4.5 A |
DAQ—electrical signal sampling | 1 kHz |
DAQ—mechanical velocity signal sampling | 5 Hz |
Resistive load per phase | = 200 ohms per phase |
Table 8.
Current regulator parameters in the synchronous reference .
Table 8.
Current regulator parameters in the synchronous reference .
Parameters |
---|
| 25.0 | | 60.0 |
| 20.0 | | 25.0 |
Table 9.
Rotor flux regulator parameters .
Table 9.
Rotor flux regulator parameters .
Parameters |
---|
| 0.8 |
| 3.0 |
| 3.5 |
Table 10.
Speed regulation parameters .
Table 10.
Speed regulation parameters .
Parameters |
---|
| 1800 rpm |
| 1.3 |
| 2.0 |
Table 11.
Fuzzy controller gains after empirical adequacy.
Table 11.
Fuzzy controller gains after empirical adequacy.
| | | | | | | | | |
---|
| | | | | | | | | |
Table 12.
Comparison of performance indicators for control strategies.
Table 12.
Comparison of performance indicators for control strategies.
Indicator | Conventional | Fuzzy | Reduction (%) |
---|
IAE | 9.5084 × 104 | 5.8363 × 104 | 38.60 |
ITAE | 7.4050 × 105 | 4.2112 × 105 | 43.13 |