Permeability Modeling and Estimation of Hydrogen Loss through Polymer Sealing Liners in Underground Hydrogen Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Materials
- Gas permeability coefficient (P) of pure polymer;
- Type of powder additive;
- Amount (volume) of powder additive;
- Size of powder grains;
- Dispersion of powder in the material.
- Additive volume (Φ);
- Permeability coefficient (Pc) of pure polymer (continuous phase);
- Permeability coefficient (Pd) of additive (dispersed phase);
3. Maxwell Model Permeability
4. Hydrogen Leakage Estimation
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Base | Physical Properties | Additives |
---|---|---|---|
Epoxy resin | 2,2-Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane with epichlorohydrin resin-hardener ratio: 100:12 | Viscosity: 15,000–30,000 mPa·s Epoxide number: 0.48–0.52 mol/100 g Chlorine content: <0.6% Pot time: 90 min. | Mechanical impurities < 0.03% |
Epoxy resin + graphite | Amorphous graphite < 50 µm | ||
Epoxy resin + halloysite | Grinded halloysite < 125 µm | ||
Epoxy resin + fly ash | Sieved fly ash < 125 µm |
Parameter | Symbol, Unit | Additive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fly Ash | Amorphous Graphite | Grinded Halloysite | ||
Permeability of pure epoxy resin (continuous phase) | Pc, Barrer | 0.182 | 0.182 | 0.182 |
Permeability of epoxy resin with additive (effective permeability), experimental | Peff, Barrer | 0.177 | 0.235 | 0.332 |
Volume of additive | Φ, % | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Relative permeability | Pr | 0.973 | 1.291 | 1.769 |
Parameter | Symbol, Unit | Additive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fly Ash | Amorphous Graphite | Amorphous Graphite | ||
Additive volume | % | 30 | 10 | 15 |
Hydrogen permeability (Maxwell model) | Pmod, Barrer | 0.153 | 0.299 | 0.379 |
Hydrogen permeability (experimental) | Pexp, Barrer | 0.177 | 0.249 | 0.315 |
Difference | Barrer | 0.024 | 0.050 | 0.064 |
Relative difference | 16 | 17 | 17 |
Sample | Permeability Coefficient PH2 | |
(cm3 STP * cm * cm−2 * s−1 * cmHg−1) | Barrer | |
Concrete | 7.804 × 10−5 | 7.804 × 105 (±2.497 × 104) |
Polymer–concrete | 3.414 × 10−5 | 3.414 × 105 (±1.092 × 104) |
Mudstone (Carbon) | 2.330 × 10−7 | 2.330 × 103 (±8.250 × 101) |
Salt rock (Permian) (before creep) | 4.815 × 10−7 | 4.815 × 103 (±1.823 × 102) |
Salt rock (Permian) (after creep) | 1.95 × 10−11 | 0.195 (±0.024) |
Epoxy resin | 1.820 × 10−11 | 0.182 (±0.023) |
Epoxy resin + graphite (5% vol.) | 2.350 × 10−11 | 0.235 (±0.029) |
Epoxy resin + halloysite (5% vol.) | 3.220 × 10−11 | 0.322 (±0.040) |
Epoxy resin + fly ash (5% vol.) | 1.770 × 10−11 | 0,177 (±0.022) |
Epoxy resin + fly ash (30% vol.) | 1.774 × 10−11 | 0.177 (±0.022) |
Polyester resin | 4.357 × 10−11 | 0.436 (±0.054) |
Polyurethane | 2.611 × 10−11 | 0.261 (±0.033) |
Stainless steel [33] | 4.640 × 10−17 | 4.640 × 10−7 |
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Gajda, D.; Lutyński, M. Permeability Modeling and Estimation of Hydrogen Loss through Polymer Sealing Liners in Underground Hydrogen Storage. Energies 2022, 15, 2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072663
Gajda D, Lutyński M. Permeability Modeling and Estimation of Hydrogen Loss through Polymer Sealing Liners in Underground Hydrogen Storage. Energies. 2022; 15(7):2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072663
Chicago/Turabian StyleGajda, Dawid, and Marcin Lutyński. 2022. "Permeability Modeling and Estimation of Hydrogen Loss through Polymer Sealing Liners in Underground Hydrogen Storage" Energies 15, no. 7: 2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072663