The State of the Art of Laminar Burning Velocities of H2-Enriched n-C4H10–Air Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Introduction;
- Experimental methods used to obtain the laminar burning velocities of n-C4H10–H2–air mixtures;
- Numerical methods used to obtain the laminar burning velocities of n-C4H10–H2–air mixtures;
- Laminar burning velocities of H2-enriched n-C4H10–air mixtures:
- 4.1
- Effect of the mixture equivalence ratio;
- 4.2
- Effect of hydrogen addition;
- 4.3
- Effect of the initial temperature;
- 4.4
- Effect of the initial pressure.
- Challenges and future perspectives;
- Conclusions.
2. Experimental Methods Used in Obtaining the Laminar Burning Velocities of n-C4H10–H2–Air Mixtures
3. Numerical Methods Used in Obtaining the Laminar Burning Velocities of n-C4H10–H2–Air Mixtures
4. Laminar Burning Velocities of H2-Enriched n-C4H10–Air Mixtures
4.1. Effect of the Mixture Equivalence Ratio
4.2. Effect of Hydrogen Addition
4.3. Effect of the Initial Temperature
4.4. Effect of the Initial Pressure
5. Challenges and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
- -
- The laminar burning velocity of hydrogen-enriched n-butane–air mixtures has a typical behaviour characteristic for hydrocarbon–air mixtures regarding its variation with the equivalence ratio;
- -
- The experimental laminar burning velocities of n-C4H10–air mixtures having various equivalence ratios (between 0.5–1.5), obtained at ambient initial conditions by various experimental techniques, agree quite well with the computed ones obtained using different kinetic mechanisms;
- -
- At ambient initial conditions and various equivalence ratios, a scattering of the computed data was observed due to the different kinetic mechanisms involved in computations;
- -
- At constant initial temperature, pressure, and n-butane–air equivalence ratio, hydrogen addition leads to an increase in adiabatic flame temperature and in laminar burning velocity; e.g., for a stoichiometric mixture with only 4 vol% H2, the laminar burning velocity increases from 55.0 cm/s at 300 K to 116.6 cm/s at 420 K;
- -
- For stoichiometric mixtures at ambient initial conditions, hydrogen addition increases the laminar burning velocity (either experimental or computed) from around 36 cm/s (mixtures without H2) to around 46 cm/s (mixtures with 60 vol% H2);
- -
- Increases in the laminar burning velocity with increased hydrogen addition is due to the chemical effect, on one hand, and to the thermal effect, on the other hand;
- -
- When hydrogen is added to a mixture, the production of the free radicals O, H, and OH leads to an increase in the heat release rate and, thus, to an increase in laminar burning velocity;
- -
- At constant mixture composition and pressure, the laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-enriched n-butane–air mixtures increase with an increase in the initial temperature;
- -
- The initial temperature influences the laminar burning velocity through the following: (a) the reaction rate and flame temperature; (b) the change in density; (c) the transport property of the mixture;
- -
- The revised data showed a discrepancy between experimental and calculated laminar burning velocities obtained at various initial temperatures between 300 and 420 K;
- -
- The thermal coefficients of stoichiometric n-butane–H2–air mixtures at ambient initial pressure decrease with an increase in hydrogen amount from 1.45 (mixture with 20 vol% H2) to 1.27 (mixture with 60 vol% H2);
- -
- At constant mixture composition and temperature, the laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-enriched n-butane–air mixtures decrease with an increase in the initial pressure; e.g., for a stoichiometric mixture with 5 vol% H2, the laminar burning velocity decreases from 49.0 cm/s at an initial pressure of 1 bar to 18.7 cm/s at an initial pressure of 20 bar;
- -
- An increase in initial pressure significantly reduces the amounts of free radicals (O, H, and OH) within the flame front and, thus, the flame propagation velocity decreases.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | n-C4H10 | H2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Reference | Value | Reference | |
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) | 58.12 | Lee et al. [36] | 2.02 | Qi et al. [39] |
Lower heating value (MJ/kg) | 45.72 | Lee et al. [36] | 120 | Dinesh et al. [40] |
Octane number | 92 | Lee et al. [36] | >130 | Masuk et al. [41] |
Flammability limits in air at ambient pressure and temperature (vol%) | 1.50–8.50 | Chemsafe [37] | 4.1–75.6 | Masuk et al. [41] |
Autoignition temperature (°C) | 392 | Chemsafe [37] | 560 | Chemsafe [37] |
Minimum ignition energy (MJ) | 0.900 | Musat et al. [38] | 0.018 | Masuk et al. [41] |
Molar stoichiometric fraction of combustible in mixture with air | 3.13 | Chemsafe [37] | 29.5 | Chemsafe [37] |
Adiabatic flame temperature at ambient initial conditions and φ = 1 (K) | 2274 | Giurcan et al. [26] | 2100 | Qi et al. [39] |
Laminar burning velocity under ambient initial conditions and φ = 1 (m/s) | 0.38 | Giurcan et al. [26] | 3.51 | Dinesh et al. [40] |
Mixture | Review Title | Year | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
H2–air | Recent advances in understanding of flammability characteristics of hydrogen | 2013 | Sanchez et al. [60] | |
A review of laminar burning velocity and flame speed of gases and liquid fuels | 2017 | Khudhair et al. [61] | ||
A comprehensive review of measurements and data analysis of laminar burning velocities for various fuel + air mixtures | 2018 | Konnov et al. [62] | ||
Premixed flame propagation in hydrogen explosions | 2018 | Xiao et al. [63] | ||
A review of laminar flame speeds of hydrogen and syngas measured from propagating spherical flames | 2020 | Han et al. [64] | ||
Fuel–air | CH4 | A comprehensive review of measurements and data analysis of laminar burning velocities for various fuel + air mixtures | 2018 | Konnov et al. [62] |
C2H6 | ||||
C3H8 | ||||
C4H10 | ||||
Biogas | Laminar burning and flammability limits in biogas: A state of the art | 2014 | Pizzuti et al. [65] | |
Laminar burning velocity and flammability limits in biogas: A literature review | 2016 | Pizzuti et al. [66] | ||
Laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures. A literature review | 2021 | Giurcan et al. [67] | ||
Syngas | A review of laminar flame speeds of hydrogen and syngas measured from propagating spherical flames | 2020 | Han et al. [64] | |
Fuel–H2–air | CH4 | Progress in combustion investigations of hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons | 2014 | Tang et al. [31] |
Kinetic and dynamic analysis of hydrogen enrichment mixtures in combustor systems—A review paper | 2016 | Emami et al. [68] | ||
Measurements and data analysis review of laminar burning velocity and flame speed for biofuel/air mixtures | 2021 | Abdulraheem et al. [69] | ||
C3H8 | Progress in combustion investigations of hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons | 2014 | Tang et al. [31] | |
Kinetic and dynamic analysis of hydrogen enrichment mixtures in combustor systems—A review paper | 2016 | Emami et al. [68] | ||
A review of laminar burning velocity and flame speed of gases and liquid fuels | 2017 | Khudhair et al. [61] | ||
Biogas | Laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures. A literature review | 2021 | Giurcan et al. [67] |
Stationary flames | Flat burner | Advantages |
|
Disadvantages |
| ||
Heat flux | Advantages |
| |
Disadvantages |
| ||
Diverging channel | Advantages |
| |
Disadvantages |
| ||
Spherical expanding flames | Advantages |
| |
Disadvantages |
|
Technique | Initial Conditions | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
φ | p0 (bar) | T0 (K) | ||
Flat-flame burner | 0.5–1.2 | 1.0 | 298–420 | Sher and Ozdor [15] |
Heat flux method | 0.7–1.3 | 1.0 | 298 | Jithin et al. [27] |
0.8–1.3 | 1.0 | 298 | Sankar et al. [28] | |
Diverging channel method | 0.7–1.3 | 1.0 | 300–450 | Jithin et al. [27] |
Spherical expanding flames | 0.6–1.5 | 1.0 | 298 | Tang et al. [51] |
0.7–0.9 | 1.0 | 298 | Zitouni [55] |
Mechanism | Initial Conditions | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
φ | p0 (bar) | T0 (K) | ||
Aramco 2.0 | 0.7–1.3 | 1.0 | 300–450 | Jithin et al. [27] |
0.8–1.3 | 1.0 | 298 | Sankar et al. [28] | |
USC Mech II | 0.8–1.3 | 1.0 | 298 | Sankar et al. [28] |
0.6–1.5 | 1.0 | 298 | Tang et al. [51] | |
0.8–1.3 | 1.0 | 298 | Cheng et al. [52] | |
0.7–1.3 | 1.0 | 298 | Ren et al. [53] | |
0.6–1.3 | 1.0 | 300 | Aravind et al. [54] | |
0.7–0.9 | 1.0 | 298 | Zitouni [55] | |
San Diego | 0.7–0.9 | 1.0 | 298 | Zitouni [55] |
Modified San Diego | 1.0 | 1.0 | 298 | Veetil et al. [29] |
GRI Mech 1.2 | 0.7–1.4 | 1.0–20.3 | 300 | Sung et al. [73] |
[H2] (vol%) | Su (cm/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|
T0 = 300 K | T0 = 360 K | T0 = 420 K | |
0 | 40.9 | 59.4 | 85.8 |
1.4 | 46.2 | 68.2 | 96.8 |
2.7 | 50.6 | 77.0 | 105.6 |
4.1 | 55.0 | 83.6 | 116.6 |
[H2] (vol%) | Su (cm/s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 = 300 K | T0 = 360 K | T0 = 420 K | ||||
Exp. | Comp. | Exp. | Comp. | Exp. | Comp. | |
0 | 37.5 | 37.5 | - | 50.0 | 68.0 | 65.5 |
40 | 41.6 | 43.0 | 62.0 | 57.5 | - | 72.0 |
Mixture | α | Reference |
---|---|---|
C4H10–air | 1.61 | [26] |
C4H10–H2–air (20 vol% H2) | 1.45 | [27] |
C4H10–H2–air (40 vol% H2) | 1.37 | |
C4H10–H2–air (60 vol% H2) | 1.27 | |
H2–air | 1.40 | [91] |
[H2] (vol%) | Su (cm/s) | |
---|---|---|
p0 = 1 bar | p0 = 20.3 bar | |
0 | 43.0 | 16.3 |
1.6 | 44.0 | 17.3 |
3.3 | 47.0 | 18.0 |
4.9 | 49.0 | 18.7 |
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Share and Cite
Movileanu, C.; Mitu, M.; Giurcan, V. The State of the Art of Laminar Burning Velocities of H2-Enriched n-C4H10–Air Mixtures. Energies 2023, 16, 5536. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145536
Movileanu C, Mitu M, Giurcan V. The State of the Art of Laminar Burning Velocities of H2-Enriched n-C4H10–Air Mixtures. Energies. 2023; 16(14):5536. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145536
Chicago/Turabian StyleMovileanu, Codina, Maria Mitu, and Venera Giurcan. 2023. "The State of the Art of Laminar Burning Velocities of H2-Enriched n-C4H10–Air Mixtures" Energies 16, no. 14: 5536. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145536