The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The first part provides an introduction;
- The second part presents the energy balance of the bus;
- In the third part, the examined case is described and a statistical analysis of the vehicle’s motion profile is made;
- The fourth part presents the simulation of energy consumption;
- The fifth part summarizes the paper.
2. Energy Balance of the Bus
- cx—air resistance coefficient;
- A—vehicle frontal area, [m2];
- ρ—air density, [kg/m3];
- v—vehicle speed, [m/s];
- ft—rolling resistance coefficient;
- m—vehicle weight, [kg];
- g—acceleration due to gravity, [m/s2].
- su—length of a road section of a steady-state motion, [m];
- cx—air resistance coefficient;
- A—vehicle frontal area, [m2];
- ρ—air density, [kg/m3];
- vu—speed of steady-state motion, [m/s];
- ft—rolling resistance coefficient;
- m—vehicle weight, [kg];
- g—acceleration due to gravity, [m/s2].
- sb—length of braking distance, [m];
- ab—deceleration, [m/s2];
- tb—braking time, [s];
- vb—the speed at which braking is initiated, [m/s].
3. Case Description and Analysis of Parameters Related to Vehicle Movement
3.1. Intelligent Transport System in Rzeszów
3.2. Characteristics of the Considered Route
3.3. Characteristics of the Traffic Profile
3.4. Analysis of Braking Process Parameters
3.5. Analysis of Stop Times
4. Determining Energy Consumption
4.1. Assumptions
- —total energy lost;
- —lost kinetic energy.
- m—bus weight, m = 13,000 kg;
- —the speed at which the bus brakes, m/s;
- g—acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2;
- ft—rolling resistance coefficient, ft = 0.01;
- —braking distance, m;
- —efficiency of the drive system, ;
- —engine efficiency, ;
- —energy lost during standstill.
- —bus standstill time, s;
- —fuel consumption per second during standstill, g/s;
- —calorific value of fuel, .
- —energy lost on the ith stop;
- n—number of all stops.
4.2. Simulation of Energy Loss in the Braking Process
4.3. Total Energy Losses and Their Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Direction | Share of Braking Energy [%] | Share of Standstill Energy [%] |
---|---|---|
A to B | 78.35 | 21.65 |
B to A | 75.89 | 24.11 |
Direction | Share of Braking Energy [%] | Share of Standstill Energy [%] |
---|---|---|
A to B | 23.32 | 76.68 |
B to A | 22.74 | 77.26 |
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Smieszek, M.; Mateichyk, V.; Mosciszewski, J. The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus. Energies 2024, 17, 4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164179
Smieszek M, Mateichyk V, Mosciszewski J. The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164179
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmieszek, Miroslaw, Vasyl Mateichyk, and Jakub Mosciszewski. 2024. "The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus" Energies 17, no. 16: 4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164179