Land Suitability Analysis for Solar Farms Exploitation Using GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)—A Case Study of Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Iran’s Status and Outlook of Energy Sector
4. The Proposed Framework
- √
- Establishment of a team consisting of academic, governmental, and industrial experts who will take part in the process of identifying and evaluating the criteria
- √
- Identification of the technical, economic, social, and environmental constraints for exploiting solar energy in different regions of the country for identifying the unsuitable areas
- √
- Generating the layers associated with defined constraints by GIS
- √
- Overlaying of layers in GIS with AND logic and preparation of the map of unsuitable regions in the country
- √
- Identifying and evaluating the criteria influencing the solar energy potential for land suitability analysis modeling
- √
- Determining the weight of evaluation criteria using FAHP
- √
- Preparation of the layers related to criteria layer in GIS
- √
- Overlaying of layers in GIS via Simple Additive Weight (SAW) method and preparation of the land suitability map of regions for exploiting solar energy
4.1. Identifying the Unsuitable Area
- √
- Regions with a solar radiation lower than 1300 (kWh·m−2·year−1)
- √
- Regions with a lower distance of 2 km from protected regions such as national natural monuments, wildlife conservation areas, and national parks
- √
- Regions located closer to the minimum distance determined for the criteria of cities and populated centers (the minimum distance should be 2000 m from cities and 500 m from villages)
- √
- Land-use such as forest, agricultural lands, cannot be suitable options for the construction of solar plant
- √
- Regions with a distance more than 50 km from roads and power transmission lines
- √
- Regions with a distance less than 0.5 km from faults and 0.1 km from roads
- √
- Regions with a distance less than 1 km from rivers, lakes, wetlands, and dams
- √
- Regions with an elevation (altitude above sea level) of over 2200 m
- √
- Regions with a slope greater than 11% is considered as unsuitable area
4.2. Evaluation Criteria
4.2.1. Solar Radiation (C1)
4.2.2. Average Annual Temperatures (C2)
4.2.3. Distance from Power Transmission Lines (C3)
4.2.4. Distance from Major Roads (C4)
4.2.5. Distance from Residential Areas (C5)
4.2.6. Elevation (C6)
4.2.7. Slope (C7)
4.2.8. Land Use (C8)
4.2.9. Average Annual Cloudy Days (C9)
4.2.10. Average Annual Relative Humidity (C10)
4.2.11. Average Annual Dusty Days (C11)
4.3. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)
4.4. Land Suitability Analysis Modeling
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
RES | Renewable Energy Sources |
PV | photovoltaics |
CSP | Concentrating Solar Power |
GIS | Geographic information system |
TNF | Triangular Fuzzy Numbers |
MCDM | Multi Criteria Decision Making |
MADM | Multi Attribute Decision Making |
MODM | Multi Objective Decision Making |
FAHP | Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process |
SAW | Simple Additive Weight |
LSI | Land suitability Index |
ANN | Artificial Neural Network |
DSS | Decision support system |
kWh·m−2·year−1 | kilowatt hour per square meter per year |
kWh | kilowatt hour |
GWh | Gigawatt hour |
MW | megawatt |
MWh | Megawatt hour |
°C | Degree Celsius |
Appendix A
The Specification of the Best 50 Districts for Exploitation of Solar Energy in Iran
No. | District | County | Province | Unsuitable Area | Poor | Low | Fair | Good | Excellent | Total Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Narmashir | Bam | Kerman | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.96 | 528.58 |
2 | Fahraj | Fahraj | Kerman | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.84 | 3583.39 |
3 | Pariz | Sirjan | Kerman | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 1681.77 |
4 | Anar | Anar | Kerman | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.74 | 2088.55 |
5 | Safa shahr c.d | Khorrambid | Fars | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.71 | 1879.43 |
6 | Shahraki v Naroki | Zehak | Sistan and Baluchestan | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.69 | 781.85 |
7 | Central district | Bam | Kerman | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.67 | 6311.70 |
8 | Chatrud | Kerman | Kerman | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.67 | 1198.05 |
9 | Ashkzar Central district | Sadugh | Yazd | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 718.69 |
10 | Central district | Rafsanjan | Kerman | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 4418.15 |
11 | Khusf | Birjand | South Khorasan | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.62 | 15,795.74 |
12 | Marvast | Khatam | Yazd | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 5147.89 |
13 | Central district | Yazd | Yazd | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 1628.82 |
14 | Central district | Zarand | Kerman | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 4034.55 |
15 | Yazdan shahr. | Zarand | Kerman | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.57 | 2084.14 |
16 | Central district | Abarkuh | Yazd | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.56 | 2351.22 |
17 | Koshkuiyeh | Rafsanjan | Kerman | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.55 | 1425.63 |
18 | Central district | Shahr-e-babak | Kerman | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 13,528.07 |
19 | Central district | Marvdasht | Fars | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 1132.75 |
20 | Central district | Eqlid | Fars | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 4269.91 |
21 | Nir | Taft | Yazd | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 2042.48 |
22 | Rayen | Kerman | Kerman | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.52 | 2591.99 |
23 | Shahdad | Kerman | Kerman | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 29,373.10 |
24 | Jolgeh | Isfahan | Isfahan | 0.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 1820.39 |
25 | Kuhbonan | Kuhbonan | Kerman | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.49 | 2037.42 |
26 | Central district | Sirjan | Kerman | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.49 | 10,997.23 |
27 | Roudab | Bam | Kerman | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.49 | 1861.20 |
28 | Central district | Meybud | Yazd | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.49 | 1228.16 |
29 | Bam pasht | Saravan | Sistan v baluchestan | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 5580.34 |
30 | Kuhpayeh | Isfahan | Isfahan | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 3039.88 |
31 | Garkan-e Jonubi | Mobarakeh | Isfahan | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 199.94 |
32 | Central district | Isfahan | Isfahan | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.47 | 1549.51 |
33 | Central district | Borujen | Chaharmahal v bakhtiari | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 868.63 |
34 | Central district | Ravar | Kerman | 0.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 8448.77 |
35 | Zarqan | Shiraz | Fars | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 828.37 |
36 | Mahan | Kerman | Kerman | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 1919.31 |
37 | Rigan | Rigan | Kerman | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 7091.51 |
38 | Central district | Bonab | East azerbaijan | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 773.73 |
39 | Sedeh | Qaen | South Khorasan | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 2252.91 |
40 | Pir bakran | Falavarjan | Isfahan | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 121.61 |
41 | Central district | Chadegan | Isfahan | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 824.98 |
42 | Central district | Saravan | Sistan v baluchestan | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 2560.98 |
43 | Nuq | Rafsanjan | Kerman | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 2279.29 |
44 | Central district | Nazarabad | Alborz | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 287.81 |
45 | Mashhad marghab | Pasargad | Fars | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 1509.22 |
46 | Central district | Abadeh | Fars | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 5637.03 |
47 | Hiduj | Sib o Soran | Sistan V Baluchestan | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.40 | 2301.28 |
48 | Gogan | Azarshahr | East Azerbaijan | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 268.58 |
49 | Shib ab | Zabol | Sistan v baluchestan | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.40 | 4871.46 |
50 | Karbal | Shiraz | Fars | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 19.70 |
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Linguistic Term | TFN |
---|---|
Very high (VH) | (0.9, 1.1) |
High (H) | (0.7, 0.9, 1) |
Medium high (MH) | (0.5, 0.7, 0.9) |
Medium (M) | (0.3, 0.5, 0.7) |
Medium low (ML) | (0.1, 0.3, 0.5) |
Low (L) | (0, 0.1, 0.3) |
Very low (VL) | (0, 0, 0.1) |
Goal | Obj. | Weight | Criteria | Weight | Sub–Criteria | Weight | Final Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land suitability for location of solar PV plants | Climatology | 0.346 | C1: Solar radiation (kWh·m−2·year−1) | 0.275 | 1300–1700 | 0.09 | 0.025 |
1900–1700 | 0.19 | 0.052 | |||||
2000–1900 | 0.26 | 0.072 | |||||
2100–2000 | 0.24 | 0.066 | |||||
>2100 | 0.22 | 0/061 | |||||
C2: Average Annual Temperatures (°C) | 0.071 | 24–25 | 0.3 | 0.021 | |||
25–26 | 0.26 | 0.018 | |||||
26–27 | 0.19 | 0.013 | |||||
27–28 | 0.15 | 0.011 | |||||
>28 | 0.1 | 0.007 | |||||
Location | 0.2812 | C3: Distance from power transmission lines (km) | 0.112 | 20–50 | 0.11 | 0.012 | |
15–20 | 0.13 | 0.015 | |||||
10–15 | 0.16 | 0.018 | |||||
5–10 | 0.26 | 0.029 | |||||
0–5 | 0.34 | 0.038 | |||||
C4: Distance from major road (km) | 0.0882 | 30–50 | 0.1 | 0.009 | |||
20–30 | 0.14 | 0.012 | |||||
10–20 | 0.16 | 0.014 | |||||
5–10 | 0.26 | 0.023 | |||||
0–5 | 0.34 | 0.030 | |||||
C5: Distance from residential area (km) | 0.081 | 30–45 | 0.11 | 0.009 | |||
20–30 | 0.145 | 0.012 | |||||
15–20 | 0.16 | 0.013 | |||||
10–15 | 0.235 | 0.019 | |||||
3–10 | 0.35 | 0.028 | |||||
Environmental | 0.231 | C6: Elevation (m) | 0.081 | 200–0 | 0.055 | 0.004 | |
450–200 | 0.08 | 0.006 | |||||
750–450 | 0.125 | 0.010 | |||||
1200–750 | 0.22 | 0.018 | |||||
1200–2200 | 0.52 | 0.042 | |||||
C7: Slope (%) | 0.08 | <1 | 0.445 | 0.036 | |||
1–2 | 0.25 | 0.020 | |||||
2–3 | 0.155 | 0.012 | |||||
3–4 | 0.098 | 0.008 | |||||
4–11 | 0.052 | 0.004 | |||||
C8: Land use | 0.07 | Barren | 0.75 | 0.053 | |||
Rangeland | 0.1 | 0.007 | |||||
Shrub | 0.08 | 0.006 | |||||
Rainfed Land | 0.05 | 0.004 | |||||
Irrigated land | 0.02 | 0.001 | |||||
Meteorology | 0.1472 | C9: Average annual cloudy days | 0.058 | 170–120 | 0.04 | 0.002 | |
120–80 | 0.07 | 0.004 | |||||
80–50 | 0.15 | 0.009 | |||||
50–30 | 0.29 | 0.017 | |||||
30–12 | 0.45 | 0.026 | |||||
C10: Average annual relative humidity (%) | 0.041 | 83–60 | 0.09 | 0.004 | |||
60–50 | 0.13 | 0.005 | |||||
42–50 | 0.18 | 0.007 | |||||
42–35 | 0.23 | 0.009 | |||||
35–26 | 0.37 | 0.015 | |||||
C11: Average annual of dusty days | 0.0482 | >120 | 0.05 | 0.002 | |||
120–70 | 0.1 | 0.005 | |||||
70–50 | 0.15 | 0.007 | |||||
50–30 | 0.2 | 0.010 | |||||
<30 | 0.5 | 0.024 |
Province | Poor (%) | Low (%) | Fair (%) | Good (%) | Excellent (%) | Unsuitable (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kerman | 0.00 | 1.77 | 9.83 | 18.96 | 38.48 | 30.96 |
Yazd | 0.00 | 1.11 | 9.00 | 23.37 | 29.99 | 36.52 |
South Khorasan | 0.00 | 5.45 | 14.51 | 21.95 | 24.25 | 33.84 |
Sistan and Baluchestan | 0.00 | 3.76 | 20.87 | 22.86 | 20.79 | 31.71 |
Isfahan | 0.00 | 5.15 | 15.97 | 25.29 | 19.70 | 33.87 |
Fars | 0.00 | 2.98 | 11.37 | 20.94 | 18.59 | 46.12 |
Qom | 0.00 | 2.64 | 25.60 | 30.18 | 17.53 | 24.05 |
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 0.00 | 1.19 | 3.90 | 20.66 | 12.93 | 61.31 |
Markazi | 0.00 | 4.57 | 32.35 | 26.87 | 12.19 | 24.02 |
Alborz | 0.34 | 6.81 | 20.12 | 9.81 | 6.40 | 56.51 |
Tehran | 0.00 | 9.41 | 22.64 | 14.53 | 6.03 | 47.39 |
Hormozgan | 0.04 | 14.10 | 23.48 | 11.53 | 6.03 | 44.83 |
Semnan | 0.32 | 10.11 | 23.15 | 19.62 | 5.66 | 41.13 |
Razavi Khorasan | 3.45 | 24.90 | 33.08 | 13.79 | 5.11 | 19.66 |
Hamadan | 0.00 | 3.84 | 38.08 | 35.95 | 5.08 | 17.05 |
Kohgeluyeh and BoyerAhmad | 0.02 | 3.48 | 11.63 | 11.79 | 4.79 | 68.29 |
Qazvin | 3.01 | 20.41 | 28.52 | 13.54 | 4.45 | 30.07 |
Bushehr | 0.17 | 21.74 | 32.98 | 11.72 | 3.35 | 30.03 |
Lorestan | 0.00 | 4.15 | 21.19 | 15.96 | 2.40 | 56.30 |
East Azerbaijan | 6.11 | 34.47 | 19.83 | 5.57 | 2.17 | 31.86 |
West Azerbaijan | 3.13 | 32.03 | 19.45 | 6.68 | 1.48 | 37.24 |
Kermanshah | 0.00 | 6.93 | 33.96 | 17.27 | 1.44 | 40.39 |
Kordestan | 0.00 | 7.96 | 41.44 | 15.23 | 1.39 | 33.98 |
Ilam | 0.36 | 27.59 | 23.45 | 5.13 | 0.76 | 42.70 |
North Khorasan | 19.54 | 27.01 | 19.17 | 3.52 | 0.75 | 30.02 |
Khuzestan | 0.72 | 29.52 | 26.75 | 8.67 | 0.69 | 33.65 |
Zanjan | 1.82 | 28.14 | 33.50 | 7.03 | 0.11 | 29.39 |
Mazandaran | 5.45 | 14.15 | 1.52 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 78.81 |
Golestan | 31.24 | 29.83 | 2.80 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 36.11 |
Gilan | 11.73 | 17.13 | 2.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 69.11 |
Ardabil | 23.52 | 43.53 | 5.12 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 27.52 |
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Noorollahi, E.; Fadai, D.; Akbarpour Shirazi, M.; Ghodsipour, S.H. Land Suitability Analysis for Solar Farms Exploitation Using GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)—A Case Study of Iran. Energies 2016, 9, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080643
Noorollahi E, Fadai D, Akbarpour Shirazi M, Ghodsipour SH. Land Suitability Analysis for Solar Farms Exploitation Using GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)—A Case Study of Iran. Energies. 2016; 9(8):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080643
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoorollahi, Ehsan, Dawud Fadai, Mohsen Akbarpour Shirazi, and Seyed Hassan Ghodsipour. 2016. "Land Suitability Analysis for Solar Farms Exploitation Using GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)—A Case Study of Iran" Energies 9, no. 8: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080643