Optimization of Low-Cost Ti-35421 Titanium Alloy: Phase Transformation, Bimodal Microstructure, and Combinatorial Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Dilatometric Test
2.3. Heat Treatment
2.4. Microstructure Observation
2.5. Mechanical Properties
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Initial Microstructure of Solid Solution Treated Alloy
3.2. Phase Transformation Reactions and Temperature Ranges
3.3. Thermo-Kinetic Modeling of Growth and Dissolution
3.4. Mechanical Properties Dependent on Aging Temperature and Microstructure Features
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
A.1. Lengthening Model of αlamellar Tip
A.2. Dissolution Model of αlamellar Tip
A.3. Thickening Model of αlamellar Broad Face
A.4. Dissolution Model of αlamellar Broad Face below Teq
A.5. Dissolution model of αlamellar Broad Face above Teq and αlath Broad Face
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Ti/wt.% | Al/wt.% | Mo/wt.% | Cr/wt.% | Zr/wt.% | Fe/wt.% | O/wt.% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance | 3.03 | 5.02 | 3.80 | 1.87 | 0.995 | 0.087 |
Temperature/°C | αlath | αlamellar | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Length/μm | Average Width/μm | Volume Fraction/vol. % | Average Length/μm | Average Width/μm | Volume Fraction/vol. % | |
25 | 1.370 ± 0.120 | 0.420 ± 0.026 | 30.86 ± 1.43 | |||
410 | 1.373 ± 0.112 | 0.420 ± 0.023 | 29.95 ± 1.25 | |||
550 | 1.341 ± 0.133 | 0.427 ± 0.035 | 30.66 ± 1.54 | 0.160 ± 0.013 | 0.031 ± 0.002 | 20.02 ± 1.09 |
660 | 1.389 ± 0.144 | 0.426 ± 0.031 | 30.78 ± 2.01 | 0.265 ± 0.018 | 0.105 ± 0.009 | 27.81 ± 0.98 |
700 | 1.320 ± 0.143 | 0.425 ± 0.026 | 29.41 ± 1.78 | 0.222 ± 0.011 | 0.109 ± 0.007 | 13.49 ± 0.78 |
740 | 1.321 ± 0.096 | 0.409 ± 0.021 | 28.65 ± 1.49 | |||
780 | 0.764 ± 0.101 | 0.316 ± 0.021 | 21.39 ± 1.02 | |||
800 | 0.372 ± 0.053 | 0.142 ± 0.011 | 12.40 ± 0.69 |
Temperature/°C | αlath | αlamellar | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Length/μm | Average Width/μm | Volume Fraction/vol. % | Average Length/μm | Average Width/μm | Volume Fraction/vol. % | |
500 | 1.404 ± 0.151 | 0.425 ± 0.051 | 29.16 ± 1.24 | 0.065 ± 0.011 | 0.031 ± 0.005 | 33.49 ± 1.27 |
520 | 1.390 ± 0.112 | 0.421 ± 0.049 | 29.96 ± 1.17 | 0.092 ± 0.010 | 0.037 ± 0.006 | 29.18 ± 1.49 |
540 | 1.359 ± 0.11 | 0.429 ± 0.056 | 30.26 ± 1.41 | 0.161 ± 0.017 | 0.072 ± 0.009 | 26.55 ± 1.28 |
560 | 1.316 ± 0.12 | 0.430 ± 0.061 | 29.01 ± 1.38 | 0.218 ± 0.021 | 0.089 ± 0.009 | 25.21 ± 0.98 |
Temperature/°C | Strength | Plasticity | Fracture Toughness KIC/MPa·m1/2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile Strength σs/MPa | Yield Strength σy/MPa | Elongation δ/% | Reduction of Area ψ/% | ||
500 | 1459.03 ± 4.36 | 1355.54 ± 4.67 | 5.20 ± 0.38 | 7.42 ± 0.37 | 60.9 ± 0.82 |
520 | 1398.66 ± 3.23 | 1321.74 ± 4.82 | 6.04 ± 0.47 | 11.31 ± 0.78 | 61.3 ± 0.89 |
540 | 1313.39 ± 3.48 | 1240.81 ± 4.98 | 8.62 ± 0.56 | 17.58 ± 0.96 | 75.8 ± 0.64 |
560 | 1242.52 ± 3.94 | 1180.40 ± 3.67 | 10.31 ± 0.46 | 21.26 ± 0.83 | 76.2 ± 0.79 |
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Chen, F.; Xu, G.; Cui, Y.; Chang, H. Optimization of Low-Cost Ti-35421 Titanium Alloy: Phase Transformation, Bimodal Microstructure, and Combinatorial Mechanical Properties. Materials 2019, 12, 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172791
Chen F, Xu G, Cui Y, Chang H. Optimization of Low-Cost Ti-35421 Titanium Alloy: Phase Transformation, Bimodal Microstructure, and Combinatorial Mechanical Properties. Materials. 2019; 12(17):2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172791
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Fuwen, Guanglong Xu, Yuwen Cui, and Hui Chang. 2019. "Optimization of Low-Cost Ti-35421 Titanium Alloy: Phase Transformation, Bimodal Microstructure, and Combinatorial Mechanical Properties" Materials 12, no. 17: 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172791