Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Diatomite and Lignin Fiber: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pavement Distresses
2.1. Rutting
2.2. Low Temperature Thermal Cracking
2.3. Moisture Damage
3. Preparation of Sample and Laboratory Test Methods for Asphalt Mix
3.1. Preparation of Sample Modified with Additives
3.2. Evaluation of High Temperature Performance
3.2.1. Wheel Loading Tracking Test (Rutting Test)
3.3. Evaluation of Low Temperature Performance
3.3.1. Indirect Tensile Test (Splitting Test)
3.3.2. Low Temperature Bending Test (Three Point Bending Test)
3.4. Evaluation of Water Stability Performance
3.4.1. Freeze-Thaw Splitting Test
3.4.2. Marshall Immersion Test
4. Influence of Selected Additives on Asphalt Mix Performance
4.1. Diatomite
4.1.1. Properties of Diatomite
4.1.2. Effect of Diatomite on Asphalt Mix Performance
4.2. Lignin Fiber
4.2.1. Properties of Lignin Fiber
4.2.2. Effect of Lignin Fiber on Asphalt Mixes Performance
5. Conclusions and Recommendation
- Diatomite significantly enhances the high temperature performance of asphalt mixes, though some of the research detected that the improvement of low temperature performance of asphalt mixes was insignificant, while others recorded that it has bad behavior on the resistance of low temperature cracking.
- The low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt mixes is increased by the addition of lignin fiber, and slightly improves the high temperature rutting resistance of asphalt mixes.
- Diatomite and lignin fiber have an important effect on water damage resistance in asphalt mixes.
- According to previous studies, it is noted that the optimum amount of diatomite is 12–14% of asphalt binder can be added into mix and the optimum amount of lignin fiber is 0.2–0.4% per asphalt mix composition.
- Asphalt mixes modified with single additives cannot enhance the overall properties of asphalt mixes.
- Double-adding technology in asphalt mixes is the best alternative to decrease low temperature cracking and rutting at high temperatures at the same time.
- It is recommended that asphalt mixes modified with two varieties of additives (diatomite and lignin fiber) can be utilized in future study to improve the overall performance of asphalt mixes under environmental conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DS | Dynamic Stability |
MTS | Material Testing System |
FTST | Freeze-Thaw Splitting Test |
TSR | Tensile Strength Ratio |
MS | Immersion residual Marshall Stability |
DGFMAM | Diatomite and Glass fiber Compound Modified the Asphalt Mix |
SEM | Scanning Electronic Microscopic |
PE | Polyethylene |
O.A.C | Optimum Asphalt Content |
AC | Asphalt Concrete |
PG | Penetration Grade |
N/A | Not Available |
CRM | Composite Reinforcing Material |
SMA | Stone Mastic Asphalt |
L.F | Lignin Fiber |
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Ref. | Asphalt Mix Type | Bitumen Type | O.A.C *% | Aggregate Type | Filler Type | Gradation of Asphalt Mix |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[15] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 70 | N/A | Basalt | Limestone | AC-13 |
[16] | Sand asphalt | Shell 70 | N/A | Basalt | Limestone | AC-13 |
[17] | Sand asphalt | PG64-22 | 5.80 | Rocky mountainous | N/A ** | Nominal maximum aggregate size of 19 mm |
[18] | Coarse asphalt | PG76 | 5.25 | N/A | N/A | Nominal maximum aggregate size of 14 mm |
[19] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 70 | 4.20 | limestone | N/A | AC-20 |
[20] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 90 | N/A | limestone | N/A | AC-13 |
[21] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 90 | 4.00 | limestone | N/A | AC 25 |
[22] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 90 | 4.20 | N/A | N/A | AC-20 |
[23] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 110 | N/A | Granite | Limestone | AC-13 |
[24] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 90 | 4.50 | N/A | Limestone | AC-20 |
Ref. | Modifier | High Temperature Performance (60 °C) | Low Temperature Performance (−10 °C) | Water Stability Performance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modifier Type | Modifier Content (% of Asphalt Binder) | Dynamic Stability (time/mm) | Max. Tensile Stress (MPa) | Max. Tensile Strain (µƐ) | Residual Stability (%) | TSR (%) | |
[15] | Diatomite | 0 | 1645 | 7.91 | 1130.84 | 83 | 85 |
12 | 5625 | 8.14 | 1352.72 | 88 | 94 | ||
[16] | Diatomite + limestone powder | 0 + 16.2* | ---------- | 1.77 | ---------- | ---------- | --------- |
3.2* + 12.2* | 2.08 | ||||||
6.5* + 8.1* | 2.35 | ||||||
9.4* + 4.1* | 2.25 | ||||||
13* + 0 | 1.95 | ||||||
[17] | Diatomite + Basalt fiber | 0.0 | ---------- | 1.68 at (−5 °C) | 8350 at (−5 °C) | ---------- | --------- |
15 + 0.0 | 1.96 at (−5 °C) | 7390 at (−5 °C) | |||||
15 + 0.3 ** | 2.05 At (−5 °C) | 9430 At (−5 °C) | |||||
[18] | Diatomite | 2 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 91.9 |
[19] | Diatomite | 0 | 1027 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 77.35 |
9 | 2075 | 86.76 | |||||
11 | 2496 | 87.88 | |||||
13 | 2865 | 90.31 | |||||
15 | 2633 | 87.85 | |||||
[20] | Diatomite + Glass fiber | 0.0 + 0.2 ** | 696 | 3.42 | 3000 | ---------- | --------- |
0.1 **+ 0.2 ** | 919 | 3.8 | 3175 | ||||
0.2 **+ 0.2 ** | 1088 | 3.55 | 3450 | ||||
0.3 ** + 0.2 ** | 1260 | 3.4 | 3300 | ||||
[21] | Diatomite + PE | 0 | ---------- | 8.4 | 887.8 | ---------- | --------- |
14 + 0 | 9.7 | 978.2 | |||||
14 + PE | 12 | 1248.6 | |||||
[22] | Diatomite | 0 | 1186 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | --------- |
6 | 2517 | ||||||
[23] | Diatomite | 0 | 1321 | ---------- | ---------- | 95.7 | 89.4 |
20 | 2051 | 98 | 98.6 | ||||
[24] | Diatomite | 0 | ---------- | 7.19 | 2000 | ---------- | --------- |
14 | 6.57 | 1875 |
Ref. | Asphalt Mix Type | Bitumen Type | O.A.C *% | Aggregate Type | Filler Type | Gradation of Asphalt Mix |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[14] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 70 | 4.3 (0.00% CRM) 4.6 (0.40% CRM) 5.0 (0.80% CRM) 5.4 (1.20% CRM) | Limestone | Limestone | AC-13 |
[25] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 70 | 4.5 (AC-13) 4.3 (AC-16) | Limestone | Limestone | AC-13 & AC-16 |
[26] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 90 | N/A ** | Basalt | N/A | AC-16 |
[27] | SMA | Shell 90 | 4.0 | Basalt | Limestone | AC-13 |
[28] | Coarse asphalt | Shell 90 | 5.6 | N/A | N/A | AC-13 |
[29] | SMA | Shell 70 | 5.8 (0.26% L.F) 6.2 (0.30% L.F) 6.6 (0.34% L.F) 7.0 (0.38% L.F) | Limestone | Limestone | AC-16 |
[30] | SMA | Shell 90 | 6.0 | Limestone | Limestone | AC-16 |
Ref. | Modifier | High Temperature Performance (60 °C) | Low Temperature Performance (−10 °C) | Water Stability Performance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modifier Type | Modifier Content (% of Asphalt Mixes) | Dynamic Stability (time/mm) | Max. Tensile Stress (MPa) | Max. Tensile Strain (µƐ) | TSR (%) | Residual Stability (%) | |
[14] | CRM (62% polymers + 38% Lignin Fibers) | 0.0 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 80.8 | 88.2 |
0.4 | ↑3.0 times | ↑34.6% | ↑34.40% | 91.5 | 93.9 | ||
0.8 | ↑5.6 times | ↑32.43% | ↑38.10% | 89.7 | 90.3 | ||
1.2 | ↑8.0 times | ↑30.25% | ↑32.49% | 83.7 | 89.3 | ||
[25] | Only Lignin Fiber (AC 16, AC 13) | 0.0 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 82.9, 82.5 | 88.13, 87 |
0.36 | Effect is not obvious | ---------- | ↑1.98, 2.04 times | 84, 83.7 | 88.5, 89.7 | ||
Lignin fiber + Anti-rutting agent (AC 16, AC 13) | 0.36 + 0.40 | ↑7.9, 8.4 times | ---------- | ↑2.00, 2.10 times | 93, 90.7 | 91.9, 95.45 | |
[26] | Lignin Fiber | 0.0 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 77.5 | ---------- |
0.3 | ↑11.1% | ↑12.2% | ↑9.00% | 80.4 | ---------- | ||
[27] | Lignin Fiber + Rubber powder | 0.0 + 0.13 | 4272 | 11.17 | 2616.02 | 73.67 | 82.31 |
0.2 + 0.13 | 4634 | 13.77 | 3105.42 | 82.56 | 88.71 | ||
0.25 + 0.13 | 5112 | 14.06 | 3264.70 | 88.00 | 90.35 | ||
0.3 + 0.13 | 5480 | 14.17 | 3473.47 | 77.74 | 80.16 | ||
[28] | Lignin Fiber | 0.0 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 78.8 | ---------- |
0.3 | Rutting depth 8.4% | 11.8% | ↑6% | 68.1 | ---------- | ||
[29] | Lignin Fiber (L.F) | 0.26 | 5875 | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | 84.73 |
0.30 | 7172 | 89.53 | |||||
0.34 | 6554 | 88.05 | |||||
0.38 | 5249 | 85.36 | |||||
[30] | Lignin Fiber | 0.3 | 5877 | ---------- | ---------- | 63.6 | 93.1 |
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Yue, Y.; Abdelsalam, M.; Luo, D.; Khater, A.; Musanyufu, J.; Chen, T. Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Diatomite and Lignin Fiber: A Review. Materials 2019, 12, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030400
Yue Y, Abdelsalam M, Luo D, Khater A, Musanyufu J, Chen T. Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Diatomite and Lignin Fiber: A Review. Materials. 2019; 12(3):400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030400
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Yanchao, Moustafa Abdelsalam, Dong Luo, Ahmed Khater, Josephine Musanyufu, and Tangbing Chen. 2019. "Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Diatomite and Lignin Fiber: A Review" Materials 12, no. 3: 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030400