Experimental Study on Mechanical and Functional Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Cement Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Sample Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of rGO on Mechanical Property of Cement Mortars
3.2. Effect of rGO on Pore Structure of Cement Mortar
3.3. Functional Properties of rGO–Cement Composite Materials
3.3.1. Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity
3.3.2. Electromagnetic Shielding Property
3.3.3. Pressure Sensitive Performance
Cement Paste with Different rGO Content
Mortar with Different rGO Content
The Mechanism of Pressure Sensitive Properties of rGO Composites
- (1)
- rGO has excellent electrical conductivity, which makes rGO exhibit strong dielectric loss capability for electromagnetic waves. Thus, it increases the shielding performance of paste to the electromagnetic wave.
- (2)
- In addition, the two-dimensional laminated structure of rGO increases the reflection area of electromagnetic waves, so that the single reflection loss and shielding effectiveness of the electromagnetic wave of the rGO–cement paste is enhanced.
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The incorporation of rGO can generally enhance the mechanical properties of rGO–cement mortar, and the increase of early strength of cement mortar is more obvious. The optimum content is 2.00 wt.% rGO, which increased the 3 d compressive strength and flexural strength of cement mortar specimens by 44% and 49%, respectively.
- (2)
- With the increasing rGO content, the electric conductivity and thermal conductivity of rGO–cement mortar composites increase first and then stabilize. When the amount of rGO is 2.00 wt.%, the resistivity of the test piece is basically stable, which is reduced 40%, from 2.14 × 105 Ω·cm to 1.27 × 105 Ω·cm. However, when the rGO content was 1.00 wt.%, the thermal conductivity was stable at 0.77 W/(m·K), which was 23% higher than the blank group.
- (3)
- rGO improved the dielectric polarization of the rGO–cement paste specimen under the electric field. The results from the vector network analyzer show that 1.00 wt.% rGO increases the imaginary part of the dielectric constant of cement paste by 60% and increases the real part of the dielectric constant of the cement paste composite by 38%, which indicates that rGO significantly increases the dielectric loss of cement paste.
- (4)
- The relationship between the strain–stress sensitivity coefficient and rGO content was studied. As the amount of rGO increased, its pressure sensitivity showed a tendency to rise first and then decrease. For the paste composite, when the rGO content is 1.00 wt.%, the pressure sensitivity has a maximum stress 2.52%/MPa and a strain sensitivity of 363.10; for the mortar composite, when the rGO content is 2.00 wt.%, the pressure sensitivity has a maximum stress of 1.28%/MPa and a strain sensitivity of 147.80, which indicates that slurry has better pressure sensitivity than mortar material.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jin, Z.; Xia, Z.; Tiejun, Z.; Jianqing, L. Chloride ions transportation behavior and binding capacity of concrete exposed to different marine corrosion zones. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 177, 170–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, T.; Fan, Z.; Liu, Q.; Wang, S.; Tan, S.; Yu, Q. Investigation of the effects of graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets on the micro- and macro-properties of cementitious materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 106, 102–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, H.; Feng, P.; Lyu, K.; Liu, J. A novel method for assessing C-S-H chloride adsorption in cement pastes. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 225, 324–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkhateb, H.; Al-Ostaz, A.; Cheng, A.H.; Li, X. Materials Genome for Graphene-Cement Nanocomposites. J. Nanomech. Micromech. 2013, 3, 67–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, Z.; Hou, D.; Zhao, T. Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) based on the high performance conductive cement-based composite anode. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 173, 149–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, D. Carbon materials for structural self-sensing, electromagnetic shielding and thermal interfacing. Carbon 2012, 50, 3342–3353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J.W.; Hone, J. Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene. Sci. 2008, 321, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orlita, M.; Faugeras, C.; Plochocka, P.; Neugebauer, P.; Martinez, G.; Maude, D.K.; Barra, A.-L.; Sprinkle, M.; Berger, C.; De Heer, W.A.; et al. Approaching the Dirac Point in High-Mobility Multilayer Epitaxial Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Balandin, A.A.; Ghosh, S.; Bao, W.; Calizo, I.; Teweldebrhan, D.; Miao, F.; Lau, C.N. Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 902–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, S.D.; Gu-Hyeok, K.; Kyungil, K. Characterization of thermoelectric properties of multifunctional multiscale composites and fiber-reinforced composites for thermal energy harvesting. Compos. Part-B Eng. 2016, 92, 202–209. [Google Scholar]
- Exarchos, D.; Dalla, P.T.; Tragazikis, I.K.; Alafogianni, P.; Barkoula, N.-M.; Paipetis, A.S.; Dassios, K.; Matikas, T.E. Thermal and electrical behavior of nano-modified cement mortar. In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring; SPIE: San Diego, CA, USA, 2014; Volume 9062, p. 906212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, T. Effect of on Properties of Cement-Based Composite. Doctoral Dissertation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, 2014. (In Chinese). [Google Scholar]
- Babak, F.; Hassani, A.; Alimorad, R.; Parviz, G. Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxide: Cement Nanocomposites. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohammed, A.; Sanjayan, J.; Duan, W.H.; Nazari, A. Incorporating graphene oxide in cement composites: A study of transport properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 84, 341–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horszczaruk, E.; Mijowska, E.; Kaleńczuk, R.; Aleksandrzak, M.; Mijowska, S. Nanocomposite of cement/graphene oxide–Impact on hydration kinetics and Young’s modulus. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 78, 234–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chuah, S.; Pan, Z.; Sanjayan, J.; Wang, C.; Duan, W.H. Nano reinforced cement and concrete composites and new perspective from graphene oxide. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 73, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, P.; Li, H.; Ling, Q. Mechanical properties and microstructure of a graphene oxide–cemen composite. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2015, 58, 140–147. [Google Scholar]
- Gong, K.; Pan, Z.; Korayem, A.H.; Qiu, L.; Li, D.; Collins, F.; Wang, C.; Duan, W.H. Reinforcing Effects of Graphene Oxide on Portland Cement Paste. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2015, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Y.; Lv, L.; Jin, S. Conductive functional aggregate carbon fiber cement-based composite material and its pressure sensitivity. J. Func. Mater. 2011, 42, 1958–1961. [Google Scholar]
- Geim, A.K.; Novoselov, K.S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, Y.; Zhang, N.; Yang, C.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. Effect of graphene oxide on the rheological properties of cement pastes. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 96, 20–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rafiee, M.; Narayanan, T.N.; Hashim, D.P.; Sakhavand, N.; Shahsavari, R.; Vajtai, R.; Ajayan, P.M. Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Graphite Oxide Reinforced Multifunctional Porous Cement Composites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5624–5630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Wei, W.; Qin, H.; Hu, Y.H. Co-effects of graphene oxide sheets and single wall carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of cement. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2015, 85, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, S.; Ding, S.; Han, B.; Dong, S.; Yu, X.; Debao, Z.; Ou, J. Multi-layer graphene-engineered cementitious composites with multifunctionality/intelligence. Compos. Part B Eng. 2017, 129, 221–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, G.; Yang, B.J.; Cho, K.; Kim, E.; Lee, H. Influences of CNT dispersion and pore characteristics on the electrical performance of cementitious composites. Compos. Struct. 2017, 164, 32–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, C.; Mou, Z.; Lu, G.; Chen, N.; Dong, Z.; Hu, M.; Qu, L. 3D graphene–Fe3O4 nanocomposites with high-performance microwave absorption. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 13038–13043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, H.; Hong, M.; Chen, P.; Xie, A.; Shena, Y. 3D and ternary rGO/MCNTs/Fe3O4 composite hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and their electromagnetic wave absorption properties. J. Alloy. Compd. 2016, 665, 381–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Xu, Q.; Yu, Q.; Gao, R.; Tong, T. Experimental investigation on mechanical and piezoresistive properties of cementitious materials containing graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 127, 565–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sedaghat, A.; Ram, M.; Zayed, A.; Kamal, R.; Shanahan, N. Investigation of Physical Properties of Graphene-Cement Composite for Structural Applications. Open J. Compos. Mater. 2014, 4, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sasmal, S.; Ravivarman, N.; Sindu, B.S. Synthesis, characterisation and performance of piezo-resistive cementitious nanocomposites. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2017, 75, 10–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayman, I.; Madbouly, A.; Mokntar, B. Evaluating the performance of rGO/cement composites for SHM applications. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 250, 164–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mangadlao, J.D.; Cao, P.; Advincula, R.C. Smart cements and cement additives for oil and gas operations. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2015, 129, 63–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sasmal, S.; Ravivarman, N.; Sindu, B.S. Electrical conductivity and piezo-resistive static and dynamic characteristics of CNT and CNF incorporated cementitious nanocomposites. Compos. Part A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2017, 100, 227–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Payakaniti, P.; Pinitsoontorn, S.; Thongbai, P.; Amornkitbamrung, V.; Chindaprasirt, P. Electrical conductivity and compressive strength of carbon fiber reinforced fly ash geopolymeric composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 135, 164–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
NO. | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | MgO | Loss | Specific Surface Area/m2kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P·Ⅱ | 64.85 | 21.65 | 5.56 | 4.32 | 2.58 | 0.84 | 1.27 | 350 |
Specific Surface Area/m2g−1 | Thickness/nm | Particle Size/μm | Carbon Content/% | Electric Conductivity/Sm−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
225.5 | <5 | 7.06 | >98.0 | 5352 |
Sample | Water/Cement | Binder/Sand | Admixture/wt.% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
rGO/% | Water Reducer/% | |||
* GC0 | 0.45 | - | 0.00 | 0.00 |
GC0.05 | - | 0.05 | 0.15 | |
GC0.5 | - | 0.50 | 0.30 | |
GC1 | - | 1.00 | 0.50 | |
GC2 | - | 2.00 | 1.00 | |
GC4 | - | 4.00 | 2.00 | |
* GM0 | 1:3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
GM0.05 | 1:3 | 0.05 | 0.15 | |
GM0.5 | 1:3 | 0.50 | 0.35 | |
GM1 | 1:3 | 1.00 | 0.50 | |
GM2 | 1:3 | 2.00 | 1.00 | |
GM4 | 1:3 | 4.00 | 2.00 |
Sample | rGO Content/% | Compressive Strength/MPa | Standard Deviation | Flexural Strength/MPa | Standard Deviation | Compressive Strength Increase/% | Flexural Strength Increase% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GM0.00 | 0.00 | 55.0 | 4.30 | 7.8 | 0.69 | - | - |
GM0.05 | 0.05 | 59.7 | 3.20 | 8.5 | 0.45 | 9 | 9 |
GM0.50 | 0.50 | 65.5 | 5.33 | 8.8 | 0.70 | 19 | 13 |
GM1.00 | 1.00 | 69.2 | 5.21 | 9.7 | 0.47 | 26 | 24 |
GM2.00 | 2.00 | 71.0 | 4.71 | 10.5 | 0.80 | 29 | 35 |
GM4.00 | 4.00 | 61.1 | 6.95 | 9.5 | 0.82 | 11 | 22 |
Sample | Average Pore Size/nm | Median Pore Size/nm | Maximum Pore Size/nm |
---|---|---|---|
GM0 | 54.4 | 63.3 | 64.3 |
GM2 | 35.2 | 51.2 | 59.4 |
GM4 | 25.9 | 46.4 | 48.3 |
Sample | PM | GM0.05 | GM0.5 | GM1 | GM2 | GM4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density/kg·m−3 | 2110.3 | 2164.3 | 2113.1 | 2205.6 | 2254.1 | 2257.6 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, N.; She, W.; Du, F.; Xu, K. Experimental Study on Mechanical and Functional Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Cement Composites. Materials 2020, 13, 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133015
Zhang N, She W, Du F, Xu K. Experimental Study on Mechanical and Functional Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Cement Composites. Materials. 2020; 13(13):3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133015
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ning, Wei She, Fengyin Du, and Kaili Xu. 2020. "Experimental Study on Mechanical and Functional Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Cement Composites" Materials 13, no. 13: 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133015