Alkali Activation of Copper and Nickel Slag Composite Cementitious Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Activity Index of CNS
2.2.2. Crystalline Phase and Glass Phase Spatial Structures of CNS
2.2.3. Alkali Dissolution in Glass Phase
2.2.4. Preparation of Samples
2.2.5. Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Activity Index of CNS
3.2. Raman Analysis
3.3. Ion Dissolution
3.4. Effect of Grinding Time on Hydration of ACNCMs
3.5. Effect of Activators on Hydration of ACNCMs
3.6. XRD Analyses
3.7. FT-IR Analyses
3.8. TG and MIP Analyses
3.9. SEM Analyses
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Mechanical grinding can improve the activity of CNS. The activity indexes of CNS after grinding for 10, 30, and 50 min were found to be 0.662, 0.689, and 0.703, respectively.
- (2)
- Mechanical grinding can promote the hydration reaction of CNS to produce more C-S-H gel, thereby improving the compressive strength of ACNCMs. The 28-day compressive strength of the CNS ground for 50 min was found to be 30.4 MPa, which was 1.3 times that of the CNS ground for 30 min, and 1.9 times that of the CNS ground for 10 min.
- (3)
- CNS is composed of crystalline-phase fayalite and an amorphous glass phase. Fayalite is an island-like [SiO4]4− tetrahedral structure in which the Si-O chemical bond exists as a non-bridged oxygen bond. The glass phase is a bridged oxygen-connected reticular [SiO4]4− tetrahedral structure.
- (4)
- ,, and can break the [SiO4]4− chemical bonds in the glass phase of CNS, but and are better at breaking chemical bonds than . When was used as the activator, the glass phase dissolution was the worst with less Si4+, Al3+, and Ca2+ in the solution. In contrast, when was used as the activator, the dissolution characteristics in the glass phase were the best, and the solution contained the most Si4+, Al3+, and Ca2+ with respective concentrations of 2419, 39.55, and 3.38 mg/L.
- (5)
- When was used as the activator, there was very little C-S-H gel generated by the ACNCMs, the macroscopic mechanical performance was the worst, and the 28-day compressive strength was only 19 MPa. When was used as the activator, there was relatively less C-S-H gel generated by the ACNCMs, and it had a larger pore size and denser structure. The macroscopic mechanical performance was generally good, and the 28-day compressive strength was 23.3 MPa. However, when was used as the activator, CNS dissolved more Si4+ and Ca2+ during the hydration reaction, and the ACNCMs generated more C-S-H gel. The pore size was smaller, the structure was more compact, and the macroscopic mechanical performance was better. The 28-day compressive strength was found to be as high as 84 MPa.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
References
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Composition | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNS | 32.37 | 53.87 | 1.18 | 1.66 | 6.53 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.43 |
GGFBS | 15.43 | 0.73 | 19.20 | 46.27 | 14.74 | --- | 0.62 | --- | --- | --- |
Rietveld | Spiked | Original | |
---|---|---|---|
Amorphous | 0 | 24.82 | 27.58 |
Fayalite, Mg-rich | 86.70 | 65.18 | 72.42 |
Zincite | 13.30 | 10.00 | 0.000 |
Element | Type | Ligancy | M-O Bond Energy (KJ) |
---|---|---|---|
Si | Network-forming | 4 | 106 |
Al | Network-forming | 4 | 101–79 |
Mg | Intermediate | 4 | 55.5 |
Ca | Network-modifying | 8 | 32 |
Na | Network-modifying | 6 | 20 |
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Zhang, T.; Zhi, S.; Li, T.; Zhou, Z.; Li, M.; Han, J.; Li, W.; Zhang, D.; Guo, L.; Wu, Z. Alkali Activation of Copper and Nickel Slag Composite Cementitious Materials. Materials 2020, 13, 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051155
Zhang T, Zhi S, Li T, Zhou Z, Li M, Han J, Li W, Zhang D, Guo L, Wu Z. Alkali Activation of Copper and Nickel Slag Composite Cementitious Materials. Materials. 2020; 13(5):1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051155
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tingting, Shiwei Zhi, Tong Li, Ziyu Zhou, Min Li, Junnan Han, Wenchen Li, Dan Zhang, Lijie Guo, and Zhenlin Wu. 2020. "Alkali Activation of Copper and Nickel Slag Composite Cementitious Materials" Materials 13, no. 5: 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051155