Mechanical Properties of Mortars Reinforced with Amazon Rainforest Natural Fibers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Treatments of the Fibers
2.2.2. Water Absorption of the Fibers
2.2.3. Crystallinity Index (CI %)
2.2.4. Direct Tensile Strength of the Fibers
2.2.5. Thermogravimetry of Pastes
- W400 = sample mass at 400 °C.
- W500 = sample mass at 500 °C.
- = ratio between CH molar mass and H2O molar mass = 4.11
2.2.6. Curing Methods
2.2.7. Compressive and Flexural Strength
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Absorption of Fibers
3.2. Crystallinity Index
3.3. Direct Tensile Strength of Fibers
3.4. Metakaolin (MK) and Fly Ash (FA) Content Determination
3.5. Chosen Fiber Treatment for Reinforced Mortars
3.6. Compressive Strength
3.7. Flexural Strenght
3.8. Durability Cycles
3.8.1. Durability Cycles—Compressive Strength
3.8.2. Durability Cycles—Flexural Strength
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | L.O.I (%) | CaO (%) | SiO2 (%) | MgO (%) | Al2O3 (%) | SO3 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | K2O (%) | TiO2 (%) | Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | Fineness (cm2/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement (OPC) | 5.38 | 54.5 | 19.96 | 8.34 | 4.25 | 3.81 | 2.29 | 0.92 | 0.26 | 3.17 | 3605 |
Fly ash (FA) | 0.8 | 2.31 | 61.18 | 0.70 | 30.64 | 0.36 | 1.67 | 1.27 | 0.81 | 2.17 | 3337 |
Metakaolin (MK) | 2.38 | 0.12 | 43.90 | - | 46.56 | 0.08 | 3.05 | 0.46 | 0.76 | 2.81 | 12,531 |
Fiber | Holocellulose (%) | Alpha-Cellulose (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | Extractives (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Piassava | 53.16 | 51.45 | 1.71 | 45.68 | 1.17 |
Tucum palm | 78.90 | 77.52 | 1.38 | 17.36 | 3.74 |
Razor grass | 95.3 | 86.85 | 8.45 | 0.81 | 3.89 |
Jute | 83.18 | 64.07 | 19.11 | 12.46 | 4.36 |
Pastes | Cement (OPC) (g) | Metakaolin (MK) (g) | Fly Ash (FA) (g) | Water (g) | S.P (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF (control) | 500 | 0 | 0 | 200 | - |
10MK + 40FA | 250 | 50 | 200 | 200 | - |
20MK + 30FA | 250 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 0.30 |
30MK + 20FA | 250 | 150 | 100 | 200 | 0.30 |
40MK + 10FA | 250 | 200 | 50 | 200 | 0.50 |
Cement Pastes | REF (100% OPC) | 10 MK + 40 FA | 20 MK + 30 FA | 30 MK + 20 FA | 40 MK + 10 FA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CH% | 16.86 | 6.66 | 5.03 | 4.13 | 3.84 |
Compressive Strength (MPa) | 36.92 | 27.82 | 37.89 | 39.40 | 42.12 |
Fiber/Cure | % Fiber | Treatment | CI (%) | CS (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Piassava/water | 1.50 | UT | 39.83 | 28.78 |
T | 51.8 | 26.71 | ||
Piassava/water | 3.00 | UT | 39.83 | 26.14 |
T | 51.8 | 25.12 | ||
Piassava/water | 4.50 | UT | 39.83 | 25.65 |
T | 51.8 | 23.71 | ||
Piassava/CO2 | 1.50 | UT | 39.83 | 24.73 |
T | 51.8 | 22.94 | ||
Piassava/CO2 | 3.00 | UT | 39.83 | 21.86 |
T | 51.8 | 20.61 | ||
Piassava/CO2 | 4.50 | UT | 39.83 | 20.45 |
T | 51.8 | 22.97 | ||
Tucum palm/water | 1.50 | UT | 59.84 | 23.29 |
T | 66.73 | 20.84 | ||
Tucum palm/Water | 3.00 | UT | 59.84 | 20.87 |
T | 66.73 | 19.65 | ||
Tucum palm/water | 4.50 | UT | 59.84 | 21.21 |
T | 66.73 | 14.59 | ||
Tucum palm/CO2 | 1.50 | UT | 59.84 | 18.27 |
T | 66.73 | 19.32 | ||
Tucum palm/CO2 | 3.00 | UT | 59.84 | 16.19 |
T | 66.73 | 18.41 | ||
Tucum palm/CO2 | 4.50 | UT | 59.84 | 14.51 |
T | 66.73 | 22.03 | ||
Razor grass/water | 1.50 | UT | 60.23 | 26.02 |
T | 55.21 | 25.48 | ||
Razor grass/water | 3.00 | UT | 60.23 | 24.98 |
T | 55.21 | 24.36 | ||
Razor grass/water | 4.50 | UT | 60.23 | 27.72 |
T | 55.21 | 22.12 | ||
Razor grass/CO2 | 1.50 | UT | 60.23 | 18.00 |
T | 55.21 | 18.06 | ||
Razor grass/CO2 | 3.00 | UT | 60.23 | 19.17 |
T | 55.21 | 20.19 | ||
Razor grass/CO2 | 4.50 | UT | 60.23 | 15.91 |
T | 55.21 | 20.09 | ||
Jute/water | 1.50 | UT | 49.28 | 23.04 |
T | 57.53 | 20.34 | ||
Jute/water | 3.00 | UT | 49.28 | 15.88 |
T | 57.53 | 18.66 | ||
Jute/water | 4.50 | UT | 49.28 | 17.43 |
T | 57.53 | 16.64 | ||
Jute/CO2 | 1.50 | UT | 49.28 | 14.97 |
T | 57.53 | 22.01 | ||
Jute/CO2 | 3.00 | UT | 49.28 | 13.84 |
T | 57.53 | 15.43 | ||
Jute/CO2 | 4.50 | UT | 49.28 | 13.33 |
T | 57.53 | 19.19 |
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da Fonseca, R.P.; Rocha, J.C.; Cheriaf, M. Mechanical Properties of Mortars Reinforced with Amazon Rainforest Natural Fibers. Materials 2021, 14, 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010155
da Fonseca RP, Rocha JC, Cheriaf M. Mechanical Properties of Mortars Reinforced with Amazon Rainforest Natural Fibers. Materials. 2021; 14(1):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010155
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Fonseca, Régis Pamponet, Janaíde Cavalcante Rocha, and Malik Cheriaf. 2021. "Mechanical Properties of Mortars Reinforced with Amazon Rainforest Natural Fibers" Materials 14, no. 1: 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010155