Lightweight Cement Conglomerates Based on End-of-Life Tire Rubber: Effect of the Grain Size, Dosage and Addition of Perlite on the Physical and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Part
2.1. Materials and Mortar Specimens Preparation
2.2. Mechanical and Thermal Tests
2.3. Microscopical, Wetting, and Porosimetric Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
4. Summary and Conclusions
- The fresh mortars showed a decrease of fluidity with the increase of dosage. The TRL mixtures resulted in having more fluid than the TRf mixtures. This result can be ascribed to the lower specific surface area of the TRL aggregates with respect to the higher specific surface area of the TRF aggregates, which contributes to the decrease of cohesiveness of the TRL specimens. The TRF (25%) specimen showed a plastic behavior as in the case of the sand reference, and similar results were found in the case of the TRL (32%) fresh mixture.
- The mortars showed lower thermal conductivities (≈85–90%) and lower mechanical strengths (Rf and Rc) with respect to the sand reference due to the decrease of specific mass of the conglomerates associated with the low density of the aggregates and, to a minor extent, to the voids at the TR/cement interface, which were microstructurally detected.
- The specimens with larger grains (TRL) showed higher mechanical strengths (Rf and Rc) but higher thermal conductivities than the composites based on finer grains (TRF) due to the higher specific mass of the conglomerates associated with the different density of the aggregates.
- A decrease of the thermal conductivities and of the mechanical strengths were observed with the increase of the TR weight percentage, which determined a decrease of the specific mass of the conglomerates.
- TR mortars showed discrete cracks after failure without separation of the two parts of the specimens due to the rubber residual strength contribution, with particles bridging the crack faces.
- The addition of expanded perlite (P, 0–1 mm grain size) to the mixture allowed us to obtain less fluid mortars because of the low grain size (high surface area) and large porosity of the silico-aluminate aggregates.
- An improvement of the mechanical strengths was obtained with the addition of perlite. Indeed, the flexural resistances were almost double with respect to bare TRF composites and the compressive resistances three times higher due to the stiffness of the inorganic aggregate.
- Negligible modification of the thermal insulating properties (≈80–85% lower than the sand reference) was obtained due to the high porosity of perlite.
- P/TR mortars also showed discrete cracks after failure without separation of the two parts of the specimens, and this behavior, although less evident than bare TR samples, was exclusively ascribed to the contribute of the elastomeric particles, as opposed to the brittle failure obtained by bare perlite samples.
- From the impact compression tests, we found the best performances of the tire and, to lesser extent, of the P/TR composites were evidenced by a deep groove before complete failure. Moreover, in this case, this result was associated to the super-elastic properties of the end-of-life tire rubber.
- TR mortars showed very low water penetration through the surface and also through the bulk of the samples, thanks to the hydrophobic nature of the end-of-life aggregate. Interesting results were obtained in the case of the P/TR samples.
- The present composites can be considered environmentally sustainable materials because they are prepared with recycled materials and without any treatment of the aggregates. Moreover, the lightweight properties can be effective for thermal insulating elements (vertical elements, screeds, panels), which can be applied for indoor and outdoor structures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Type | Aggregate Composition | ρ Kg/m3 | Porosity % |
---|---|---|---|---|
REF | Control | Normalized mortar | 1950 | 21 |
1 | TRF (25%) | 100% TR (0–2 mm) | 1160 | 43 |
2 | TRL (25%) | 100% TR (2–4 mm) | 1215 | 42 |
3 | TRF/TRL (25%) | 50% TR (0–2 mm)/50% TR (2–4 mm) | 1180 | 43 |
4 | TRF (32%) | 100% TR (0–2 mm) | 1080 | 45 |
5 | TRL (32%) | 100% TR (2–4 mm) | 1130 | 44 |
6 | TRF/TRL (32%) | 50% TR (0–2 mm)/50% TR (2–4 mm) | 1100 | 45 |
7 | TRF (40%) | 100% TR (0–2 mm) | 970 | 47 |
8 | TRL (40%) | 100% TR (2–4 mm) | 1005 | 45 |
9 | TRF/TRL (40%) | 50% TR (0–2 mm)/50% TR (2–4 mm) | 990 | 46 |
Sample | Type | Cement (g) | Water (cm3) | TRF Volume (cm3) | TRF Weight (g) | TRL Volume (cm3) | TRL Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF | Control | 450 | 225 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | TRF (25%) | 450 | 225 | 450 | 230 | 0 | 0 |
2 | TRL (25%) | 450 | 225 | 0 | 0 | 450 | 250 |
3 | TRF/TRL (25%) | 450 | 225 | 225 | 115 | 225 | 125 |
4 | TRF (32%) | 450 | 225 | 600 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
5 | TRL (32%) | 450 | 225 | 0 | 0 | 600 | 330 |
6 | TRF/TRL (32%) | 450 | 225 | 300 | 150 | 300 | 165 |
7 | TRF (40%) | 450 | 225 | 750 | 380 | 0 | 0 |
8 | TRL (40%) | 450 | 225 | 0 | 0 | 750 | 420 |
9 | TRF/TRL (40%) | 450 | 225 | 375 | 190 | 375 | 210 |
Sample | Type | Aggregate Composition | ρ Kg/m3 | Porosity % |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | P (450 cm3) | 100% perlite (0–1 mm) | 1250 | 37 |
11 | P/TRF (450 cm3) | 50% perlite (0–1 mm)/50% TR (0–2 mm) | 1210 | 39 |
12 | P (600 cm3) | 100% perlite (0–1 mm) | 1180 | 37 |
13 | P/TRF (600 cm3) | 50% perlite (0–1 mm)/50% TR (0–2 mm) | 1130 | 41 |
14 | P (750 cm3) | 100% perlite (0–1 mm) | 1100 | 38 |
15 | P/TRF (750 cm3) | 50% perlite (0–1 mm)/50% TR (0–2 mm) | 1060 | 42 |
Sample | Type | Cement (g) | Water (cm3) | TRF Volume (cm3) | Perlite Volume (cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | P (450 cm3) | 450 | 225 | 450 | 0 |
11 | P/TRF (450 cm3) | 450 | 225 | 275 | 275 |
12 | P (600 cm3) | 450 | 225 | 600 | 0 |
13 | P/TRF (600 cm3) | 450 | 225 | 300 | 300 |
14 | P (750 cm3) | 450 | 225 | 750 | 0 |
15 | P/TRF (750 cm3) | 450 | 225 | 375 | 375 |
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Petrella, A.; Notarnicola, M. Lightweight Cement Conglomerates Based on End-of-Life Tire Rubber: Effect of the Grain Size, Dosage and Addition of Perlite on the Physical and Mechanical Properties. Materials 2021, 14, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010225
Petrella A, Notarnicola M. Lightweight Cement Conglomerates Based on End-of-Life Tire Rubber: Effect of the Grain Size, Dosage and Addition of Perlite on the Physical and Mechanical Properties. Materials. 2021; 14(1):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010225
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrella, Andrea, and Michele Notarnicola. 2021. "Lightweight Cement Conglomerates Based on End-of-Life Tire Rubber: Effect of the Grain Size, Dosage and Addition of Perlite on the Physical and Mechanical Properties" Materials 14, no. 1: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010225