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Article

Applicability of Cork as Novel Modifiers to Develop Electrochemical Sensor for Caffeine Determination

by
Mayra K. S. Monteiro
1,
Djalma R. Da Silva
1,
Marco A. Quiroz
1,2,
Vítor J. P. Vilar
3,
Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle
1,4,* and
Elisama V. Dos Santos
1,4,*
1
Laboratório de Eletroquímica Ambiental e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova 59.072-900, Brazil
2
Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Ambiente, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Martir, Cholula 72820, Mexico
3
Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
4
National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara 14800 900, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010037
Submission received: 1 August 2020 / Revised: 10 December 2020 / Accepted: 13 December 2020 / Published: 24 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment-Friendly Electrochemical Processes)
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Abstract

This study aims to investigate the applicability of a hybrid electrochemical sensor composed of cork and graphite (Gr) for detecting caffeine in aqueous solutions. Raw cork (RAC) and regranulated cork (RGC, obtained by thermal treatment of RAC with steam at 380 °C) were tested as modifiers. The results clearly showed that the cork-graphite sensors, GrRAC and GrRGC, exhibited a linear response over a wide range of caffeine concentration (5–1000 µM), with R2 of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD), estimated at 2.9 and 6.1 µM for GrRAC and GrRGC, suggest greater sensitivity and reproducibility than the unmodified conventional graphite sensor. The low-cost cork-graphite sensors were successfully applied in the determination of caffeine in soft drinks and pharmaceutical formulations, presenting well-defined current signals when analyzing real samples. When comparing electrochemical determinations and high performance liquid chromatography measurements, no significant differences were observed (mean accuracy 3.0%), highlighting the potential use of these sensors to determine caffeine in different samples.
Keywords: graphite; cork; electrochemical sensor; caffeine; modified electrode graphite; cork; electrochemical sensor; caffeine; modified electrode

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MDPI and ACS Style

Monteiro, M.K.S.; Da Silva, D.R.; Quiroz, M.A.; Vilar, V.J.P.; Martínez-Huitle, C.A.; Dos Santos, E.V. Applicability of Cork as Novel Modifiers to Develop Electrochemical Sensor for Caffeine Determination. Materials 2021, 14, 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010037

AMA Style

Monteiro MKS, Da Silva DR, Quiroz MA, Vilar VJP, Martínez-Huitle CA, Dos Santos EV. Applicability of Cork as Novel Modifiers to Develop Electrochemical Sensor for Caffeine Determination. Materials. 2021; 14(1):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010037

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monteiro, Mayra K. S., Djalma R. Da Silva, Marco A. Quiroz, Vítor J. P. Vilar, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle, and Elisama V. Dos Santos. 2021. "Applicability of Cork as Novel Modifiers to Develop Electrochemical Sensor for Caffeine Determination" Materials 14, no. 1: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010037

APA Style

Monteiro, M. K. S., Da Silva, D. R., Quiroz, M. A., Vilar, V. J. P., Martínez-Huitle, C. A., & Dos Santos, E. V. (2021). Applicability of Cork as Novel Modifiers to Develop Electrochemical Sensor for Caffeine Determination. Materials, 14(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010037

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